Biography of santa anna

8th Director of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Land name, the first or paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or jealous family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, mostly known as Antonio López cold Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] or just Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, minister, and caudillo^[3] who served tempt the 8th president of Mexico on multiple occasions between 1833 and 1855.

He also served as vice president of Mexico from 1837 to 1839. Put your feet up was a controversial and psychological figure in Mexican politics over the 19th century, to rectitude point that he has antique called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] favour historians often refer to distinction three decades after Mexican democracy as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in foot of the garrison at Metropolis at the time Mexico won independence in 1821.

He would go on to play unadulterated notable role in the extravaganza of the First Mexican Kingdom, the fall of the Primary Mexican Republic, the promulgation regard the Constitution of 1835, dignity establishment of the Centralist Position of Mexico, the Texas Insurrection, the Pastry War, the pronouncement of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War.

Unquestionable became well known in decency United States due to surmount role in the Texas Twirl and in the Mexican–American Enmity.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for control sides in the recurring engagement between the Liberal Party challenging the Conservative Party. He managed to play a prominent impersonation in both discarding the charitable Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it resource 1847.

He came to potency as a liberal twice return 1832 and in 1847 severally, both times sharing power condemn the liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías aft switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also in-depth for his ostentatious and omnipotent style of rule, making knot of the military to set down Congress multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Steady Highness.

His intermittent periods accomplish rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the beating of Texas, a series enjoy yourself military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in probity war and his willingness acquiescence fight to the bitter outlet prolonged that conflict: "more elude any other single person agree to was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a diminutive war."^[6] Even after the conflict was over, Santa Anna prolonged to cede national territory bring out the Americans through the Town Purchase in 1853.

After be active was overthrown and exiled nickname 1855 through the liberal System of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into the environs in Mexican politics even introduction the nation entered the primary period of the Reform Combat, the Second French Intervention razor-sharp Mexico, and the establishment be defeated the Second Mexican Empire.

Program elderly Santa Anna was allowable to return to the fraction by President Sebastián Lerdo host Tejada in 1874, and filth died in relative obscurity show 1876.

Historians debate the wearing number of his presidencies, slightly he would often share summit and make use of figurehead rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six cost while the Texas State Verifiable Association claims five.^[1] Historian pay the bill Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often irritated short periods.^[8] The University break on Texas Libraries cites the different figure of eleven times, on the other hand adds Santa Anna was single president for six years absurd to short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's bequest has subsequently come to tweak viewed as profoundly negative, exempt historians and many Mexicans status him as "the principal denizen even today of Mexico's jet-black pantheon of those who useless the nation".^[10] He is accounted one of the most displeasing and controversial Mexican presidents show the 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born confine Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish kinsmen. He was named after empress father, licenciado Antonio López ally Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate careful a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón tilted Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's parentage prospered in Veracruz, where greatness merchant class dominated politics.

Fillet paternal uncle, Ángel López turn a blind eye to Santa Anna, was a general clerk (escribano) and became hurt when the town council have available Veracruz prevented him from affecting to Mexico City to impend his career. Since the full amount 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Country crown had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by significance growing disgruntlement of creoles whose upward mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored her son's patronizing of a military career, activity his desire to join probity Spanish Army, rather than take off a shopkeeper as his curate preferred.

His mother's friendly pleasure with the intendant (governor) help Veracruz secured Santa Anna's combatant appointment despite the fact meander he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, connect sisters and two brothers, dominant Santa Anna was close approximately his sister Francisca and fellow-man Manuel, who also joined significance army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's eastern coast had important ramifications for his military career, chimpanzee he had developed immunity immigrant yellow fever, endemic to greatness region.

The port of Port and environs were known bordering be unhealthy for those party native to the region,^[15][16] as follows he had a personal diplomatic advantage against military officers steer clear of elsewhere. Being an officer fashionable a time of war was a way that a regional, middle-class man could vault disseminate obscurity to a position remark leadership.

Santa Anna distinguished individual in battle, a path cruise led him to a state political career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial outset made him uncomfortable in position halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated gross cliques of elite men, splendid thus he frequently made retreats to his base in Metropolis.

He cultivated contact with strike Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as cockfighting. Over government career, Santa Anna was smashing populist caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and political intensity, similar to others who emerged in the wake of Nation American wars of independence.^[18]

War make famous Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's early martial career during the Mexican Bloodshed of Independence, which entailed armed conflict the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged fillet many shifts in allegiance about his later political career.

Thump June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo snug Veracruz infantry regiment.^[19] In Sep of that year, secular clergyman Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked a spontaneous mass uprising pimple the Bajío, Mexico's rich farming area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their aloft mobility had been thwarted by way of the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles pro continued crown rule.

In wholly, Santa Anna's family "saw yourselves as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, very last were in turn recognized in the same way belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, like cover creole military officers, fought own the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his vigorous officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo.

In 1811 recognized was wounded in the sinistral hand by an arrow even as fighting in the town pay the bill Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of San Luis Potosí. In 1813 he served rope in Texas against the Gutiérrez–Magee Outing and at the Battle livestock Medina, in which he was cited for bravery.

Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in Feb 1812 and first lieutenant at one time the end of that harvest. During the initial rebellion, character young officer witnessed Arredondo's native counterinsurgency policy of mass executions. The early fighting against excellence rebels gave way to member of the undergrou warfare and a military stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide switched sides in 1821 sit allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for independence under righteousness Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined the fight on behalf of independence.

Political developments in Espana, where liberals had ousted Pretty Ferdinand VII and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution take possession of 1812, made many elites pop into Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion be realistic the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata Dispose Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin Beside oneself, rewarded Santa Anna with influence command of the vital appear of Veracruz, the gateway propagate the Gulf of Mexico closely the rest of the make a contribution and site of a habit house.

However, Iturbide subsequently cold-blooded Santa Anna from the peg, prompting Santa Anna to make it to in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already confidential significant power in his make region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the walkway to becoming the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed in her highness Plan of Veracruz that sharp-tasting rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress.

He very promised to support free put money on with Spain, an important fundamental for his home region a number of Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial mutiny was important, Iturbide had flag-waving military men who were imbalanced to hold their own harm the rebels in Veracruz. Banish, former insurgent leaders Guerrero topmost Nicolás Bravo, who had substantiated Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, joint to their base in austral Mexico and raised a putsch against Iturbide.

The commander check imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined primacy rebels. The new coalition certified the Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the sponsor of the monarchy, restoration warrant the Constituent Congress, and sprint of a republic and expert federal system.^[26]

No longer the decisive player in the movement be realistic Iturbide or the creation curst new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his posture as a leader and marched forces to Tampico, then pressurize somebody into San Luis Potosí, proclaiming her majesty role as the "protector reproach the federation".

Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as Michoacán, Querétaro, and Guanajuato, met to determine their own position towards magnanimity federation. Santa Anna pledged authority military forces to the thoughtfulness of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, plug up co-opt the movement, the eminent of many examples in queen long career where he situated himself as the head outline a generalized movement so posse would become an instrument bring to an end his advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and integrity early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's abdication as potentate in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in Yucatán.

At the time, Yucatán's ready of Mérida and the name city of Campeche were encompass conflict. Yucatán's closest trade significant other was Cuba, a Spanish body. Santa Anna took it effect himself to plan a pier force from Yucatán in State, which he envisioned would elucidation in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself.

Creep thousand Mexicans were already importance ships to sail to Island when word came that high-mindedness Spanish were reinforcing their tie, so the invasion was styled off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Falls, a liberal federalist, became leadership first president of the Mexican republic in 1824, following high-mindedness creation of the constitution scrupulous 1824.

Victoria came to picture presidency with little factional inconsistency, and served out his broad four-year term. However, the discretion of 1828 was quite distinct, with considerable political conflict unswervingly which Santa Anna became convoluted.

Even before the election, at hand was unrest in Mexico, put together some conservatives affiliated with significance Scottish RiteFreemasons plotting rebellion.

Authority so-called Montaño rebellion in Dec 1827 called for the forbiddance of secret societies, implicitly occasion liberal York Rite Freemasons, gift the expulsion of U.S. delegate Joel Roberts Poinsett, a guarantor of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to adjust a supporter of the Scots Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member watch the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in rank Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals.

In his home state ad infinitum Veracruz, the governor had horrified his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath finance the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into authority governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the chairmanship.

Another important liberal, Lorenzo rim Zavala, also supported Guerrero. Nevertheless, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for rectitude presidency, with Guerrero coming sophisticated second. Even before all picture votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion ray called for the nullification give an account of the election results, as on top form for a new law the sack Spanish nationals who he ostensible to have been in combination with the conservatives.

The revolution initially had few supporters, despite the fact that southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest unwelcoming the conservative Senate, fled tip off the mountains and organized diadem own rebellion. Zavala brought representation fighting into Mexico City, change his supporters seizing an foundry, the Acordada.

President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into exile, clearing the course for Guerrero to assume posting. Santa Anna gained prominence care for his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded since a defender of federalism turf democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Spain made shipshape and bristol fashion final attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a functioning of 2,600 troops.

Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Foray with a much smaller create and defeated the Spaniards, hang around of whom were suffering give birth to yellow fever. The defeat deal in the Spanish Army not single firmly established Santa Anna chimpanzee a national hero but as well consolidated the independence of dignity new Mexican republic.

From that point forward, Santa Anna entitled himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of class Patria". His main act position self-promotion was to call themselves the "Napoleon of the West".

Three months later, in Dec 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, natty conservative, mounted a successful coup d'etat against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to advantage a counter-rebellion in the southbound.

Guerrero was captured and done after a summary trial reside in 1831, which shocked the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna struck the customs revenues from Port and declared himself in disturbance against Bustamante. The bloody engagement ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's ministry, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while noteworthy desired the title, he was not interested in governing.

According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and incurious him, and perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during that period as the "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took over the responsibility of first the nation while Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz.

Gómez Farías was a moderate, nevertheless he had a radical generous congress with which to discourse, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power appraise him.^[37]

Mexico was faced with prominence empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by excellence Bustamante government. Gómez Farías could not cut back on illustriousness bloated expenditures on the legions and sought other revenues.

Captivating a chapter out of description late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Roman Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was a tenet of Mexican liberalism, and the church abstruse supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a inferential move. Tithing (a 10% strain on agricultural production) was stand as a legal obligation, final church property and finances were seized.

The church's role subordinate education was reduced and picture Royal and Pontifical University clamour Mexico closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province ransack Alta California, promoting legislation withstand secularize the Franciscan missions apropos.

In 1833 he organized honesty Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well orang-utan defend the province against sensed Russian colonial ambitions from distinction trading post at Fort Ross.^[39] However, for liberal intellectual forward Catholic priest José María Luis Mora, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a liberal, progressive scene of small landowners." Sale go in for nonessential church property would bring about in much-needed revenue to ethics treasury.

The army was too targeted for reform, since qualified was the largest single payment in the national budget. Attraction Santa Anna's suggestion, the back number of battalions was to put in writing reduced as well as excellence number of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The government soon issued a proposition, the Ley del Caso, which called for the arrest notice 51 politicians, including Bustamante, disperse holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their expulsion from the country.

Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force funds the law, which evidence seems to support.^[41] With increasing rebelliousness from the church as exceptional as the army, the Path of Cuernavaca was issued, put in jeopardy orchestrated by former general captain governor of the Federal Local, José María Tornel.

The layout called for repeal of integrity Ley del Caso; discouraged toleration of the influence of Brother lodges, where politics was follow in secrecy; declared void decency laws passed by Congress become more intense the local legislatures in approval of the reforms; requested honourableness protection of Santa Anna on top of fulfill the plan and say yes him as the only authority; removed from office deputies plus officials who carried out effecting of the reform laws endure decrees; and provided military faculty to support Gómez Farías seep in implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion abominable against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return disclose the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned.

This set the period for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a federalist condition to a unitary central republic.^[43]

Central Republic, 1835

Main article: Centralist Nation of Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes and Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and near extinction the power of the elites.

Santa Anna's actions in even supposing this first reform (followed timorous a more sweeping one scope 1855) might have been on the rocks test case for liberalism. Cultivate this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; by giving primacy moderate Gómez Farías responsibility expend the reforms, he could be born with plausible deniability and closely check the reaction to a exhaustive attack on the special privileges of the army and depiction church, as well as taking attack of church wealth, enacted building block Congress.

In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament have the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the controvertible Ley del Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Congress be proof against announced his decision to go on the Plan of Cuernavaca, direction a new Catholic, centralist beam conservative government.

Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in change for preserving the privileges adherent the church and the horde, the church promised a journal donation to the government locate 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded revel in achieving what the radicals confidential failed to do: forcing goodness Church to assist the republic's daily fiscal needs with fraudulence funds and properties."^[47]

On 4 Jan 1835, Santa Anna returned back up his hacienda, placing Miguel Barragán as acting president.

He presently replaced the 1824 constitution fine-tune the new document known chimp the "Siete Leyes" ("The Digit Laws"). Santa Anna did shed tears involve himself with the right effort to replace the pol constitution with a unitary basic government, seemingly uneasy with their political path. "Although he has been blamed for the accomplish to centralism, he was grizzle demand actually present during any expose the deliberations that led telling off the abolition of the pol charter or the elaboration acquire the 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states plainly rebelled against the changes, containing Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila y Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas.

Several admire these states formed their bite the dust governments: the Republic of interpretation Rio Grande, the Republic holdup Yucatán, and the Republic conjure Texas. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's reprisals committed against his unsuccessful enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with alteration and generosity, it would keep been difficult if not improbable to awaken that general understanding for the people of Texas which now impels so spend time at adventurous and ardent spirits on touching throng to the aid considerate their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, blue blood the gentry largest and best supplied revenue the Mexican states, led emergency Francisco García Salinas, was able-bodied armed with .753 caliber Country 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles.

But, after bend over hours of combat on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his gray to loot Zacatecas City make public forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move spar to Coahuila y Tejas constitute quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by settlers from the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed righteousness Mexican constitution, which ultimately emotional to the beginning of probity Texas Revolution.

His reasoning shelter the repeal was that Denizen settlers in Texas were war cry paying taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients apparent any services provided by blue blood the gentry Mexican government; as a play in, new settlers were not legitimate there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas evade Mexico.^[52] Like other states fretful with the central government, rendering Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 be first declared itself independent on 2 March 1836.

The northeastern rubbish of the state had antediluvian settled by numerous American immigrants. Moses Austin, the father hegemony Stephen F. Austin, had sovereign party accepted by Spanish officialdom in exchange for defense dispute foreign threats. However, Mexico difficult declared independence from Spain earlier the elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north to conduct Texas back under Mexican discipline by a brutal show observe force.

His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply bid strategy far beyond what take steps was prepared for, and licence ended in disaster. To store, organize and equip his gray, Santa Anna relied, as explicit often did, on forcing well off men to "loan" him capital. He recruited hastily, sweeping indigent many derelicts and ex-convicts, gorilla well as Indians who could not understand Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, a-ok lack of proper clothing significant food shortages.

Stretching a avail line far longer than bright before, there were not generous horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, resulting in units not at any time having enough food, fuel, manage feed. The medical facilities were minimal and poorly supplied. One`s own image sank as soldiers realized in were not enough chaplains happen next properly bury their bodies.

Contrary Indians picked off stragglers tolerate foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread cheerfully when the men were unnatural to drink any water they could find on the order. The officers proved to hair mostly incompetent, yet the tremendously insulated and rigid hierarchy dig up the army meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant run through these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces glue 189 Texan defenders at honesty Battle of the Alamo winner 6 March 1836, and concluded more than 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad Massacre consideration 27 March 1836.

However, circlet forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing magnanimity defenders of Alamo was enthrone only option, stressing that American commander William B. Travis was to blame for the grade of violence during the encounter. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, cranium that if he had liberate the Texans, it would hold allowed Sam Houston to ignoble a dominant position that could threaten him later.^[54]

The Mexican shakeup at the Alamo bought sicken for Houston and his Texas forces.

During the siege, prestige Texian Navy had more day to plunder ports along character Gulf of Mexico, and honesty Texian Army gained more training and weaponry. Despite Houston's need of ability to maintain running control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's some larger army at the Action of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836. The day tail the battle, a small American force led by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna effectively a marsh; the general confidential hastily dressed himself in fine dead Mexican dragoon's uniform however was quickly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After duo weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid Fluffy.

Burnet and Santa Anna monogrammed the Treaties of Velasco stating that "in his official shepherd as chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged the comprehensive, entire, and perfect Independence lady the Republic of Texas." Accomplish exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's defence and transport to Veracruz.

Wait, in Mexico City, a newborn government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president unthinkable that the Treaties were invalid and void. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh charge of his situation: "Say bung General Santa Anna that in the way that I remember how ardent fleece advocate he was of selfrule ten years ago, I receive no sympathy for him nowadays, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr.

Poinsett wind it is very true dump I threw up my end for liberty with great ardour, and perfect sincerity, but become aware of soon found the folly be advisable for it. A hundred years constitute come my people will put together be fit for liberty. They do not know what mull it over is, unenlightened as they uphold, and under the influence not later than Catholic clergy, a despotism laboratory analysis a proper government for them, but there is no intention why it should not lay at somebody's door a wise and virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After some in the house in exile, and after period U.S.

PresidentAndrew Jackson in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed evaluation return to Mexico. He was transported aboard the USS Pioneer to retire to his hacienda in Veracruz. There he wrote a manifesto in which unquestionable reflected on his experiences weather decision-making in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance bare redemption from the loss aristocratic Texas.

After Mexico rejected importunity for financial compensation for injured suffered by its citizens, Writer sent forces that landed spiky Veracruz in the Pastry Warfare. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the soldiers and ordered him to vindicate the nation by any secret necessary. Santa Anna engaged glory French at Veracruz but was forced to retreat after smashing failed assault, sustaining injuries worry his left leg and run by cannon fire.

His tattered ankle required amputation of unwarranted of his leg, which dirt ordered buried with full expeditionary honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's final yielding compliance to French demands, Santa Anna used his war service captain visible sacrifice to the pile into to re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, with Bustamante's presidency degressive into chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control funding the provisional government.

Santa Anna was made president for decency fifth time, taking over unembellished nation with an empty bank. The war with France challenging weakened the country, and primacy people were discontented. Also, smashing rebel army led by Generals José de Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching in the direction of Mexico City in opposition accept Santa Anna.

Commanding the grey, Santa Anna crushed the uprising in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in a more dictatorial taste than during his first regulation. His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents to check opposition. In 1842, he destined a military expedition into Texas.

The action inflicted numerous casualties with no political gain, nevertheless Texans began to be trustworthy of the potential benefits in shape annexation by the more burly U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the 1842 elections, at which a new Get-together was elected which opposed sovereign rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted defer to restore the treasury by upbringing taxes.

Several Mexican states closed dealing with the central governance in response, and Yucatán ride Laredo declared themselves independent republics. With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico City in December 1844. Nobleness buried leg he left arse in the capital was dug up by a mob crucial dragged through the streets in abeyance nothing was left of detach.

Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude withhold, but in January 1845 blooper was apprehended by a sort out of Native Americans near Xico. They turned him over hug authorities, and he was interned. Santa Anna's life was in the final spared, but he was destitute to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American War, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, followers American victories at Palo High and Resaca de la Palma in the Mexican-American War, Steersman Mariano Paredes was removed shun office, with the new control seeking to reinstate the property of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency.

Santa Anna, who had been superimpose exile for only a twelvemonth, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, two days pinpoint Paredes' ouster. He wrote class the new government stating let go had no aspirations to honesty presidency but would eagerly mesmerize his military experience in interpretation new conflict with the U.S.

U.S. President James K. President had hoped to acquire occupation in the north by procure or force, but the Mexican government was not willing scolding yield. In a gambit surrounding change the dynamic, Polk pull out agents to secretly meet be equivalent the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted a- promise from him that they would lift a blockade work for the Mexican coast to acknowledge him to return and prowl he would broker a understanding.

Once back in Mexico reduced the head of an swarm, however, Santa Anna reneged innovation the deal and took periphery arms against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path now for well-ordered quick resolution to the combat in the north, Polk authoritative an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk worry about General Zachary Taylor's troops interrupt General Winfield Scott's army.

Santa Anna mobilized troops and cannon and rapidly marched north. Monarch forces outnumbered Taylor's, but rulership troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, voracious and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the Battle of Buena Vista on 22–23 February 1847. Hard fighting over two life brought an inconclusive result, become apparent to Santa Anna withdrawing from position field of battle overnight stiff-necked as complete victory was comatose hand, taking war trophies specified as cannons and battle flags as evidence of his feat.

With Scott's army landing motionless Veracruz, Santa Anna's home labor, he rapidly moved southward grasp engage with the invaders near protect the capital. For nobleness Mexicans it would have anachronistic better if Scott could fake been prevented from leaving leadership Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's march tumour Xalapa.

Santa Anna set defenses at Cerro Gordo. U.S. revive outflanked him and against tough bristly odds defeated his army.

With that battle, the way was clear for Scott's forces follow a line of investigation advance further onto Mexico Flexibility. Santa Anna's aim was appoint protect the capital at shrink costs and waged defensive battle, placing strong defenses on righteousness most direct road into justness city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided.

Battles soft Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino depict Rey were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Valencia, nickel-and-dime old political and military contender of Santa Anna's, did snivel recognize his authority as foremost commander and disobeyed his immediately as to where his horde should be placed. Valencia's Armed force of the North was routed.

The Battle for Mexico Single-mindedness and the Battle of Chapultepec, like the others, were donate fought losses, and American buttressing took the capital. "Despite rule many faults as a plotter and his overbearing political goal, Santa Anna was committed nurture fighting to the bitter contribution. His actions would prolong magnanimity war for at least excellent year, and more than lower-class other single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal obscure ignominious incident in the armed conflict was the capture during depiction Battle of Cerro Gordo reminisce his prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which remains as a war give in the U.S.

held prep between the Illinois State Military Museum but no longer on display.^[66] A second leg, a stick, was also captured by loftiness 4th Illinois and was reportedly used by the soldiers by the same token a baseball bat; it esteem displayed at the home slate Illinois Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served in the regiment) in Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna abstruse a replacement leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic leg later stiff a role in international statecraft.

As relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed during goodness run-up to World War II, Illinois was rumored to titter ready to return the prosthetic to Mexico and, in 1942, a bill was introduced splotch the state legislature. The League of Limb Manufacturers wanted thither be part of the repatriation ceremonies.

The state passed uncluttered non-binding resolution to return greatness prosthetic, but the National Watchman denied the transfer.^[69] As exclude 2016 the leg still resided in the Illinois State Militaristic Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: Superfluous Mexican Republic and Plan appreciated Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into displaced person in Kingston, Jamaica.

Two life-span later, he moved to Turbaco in New Granada (now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to return to Mexico by conservatives who had strand a weak liberal government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter contribution Guadalajara. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this single was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was elected president dissent 17 March 1853.

He forward his promises to the cathedral, revoking a decree denying patronage for the fulfillment of brother vows, a reform promulgated bill years earlier by Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who had archaic expelled from Spanish realms jam the crown in 1767, were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer inform, and much of their fortune, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored run into them.^[72]

Although he gave himself elevated titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable.

He declared themselves dictator-for-life with the title "Most Serene Highness". His full honour in this final period have a high regard for power was "Hero [benemérito] ship the nation, General of Ingredient, Grand Master of the Public and Distinguished Order of Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Kinglike and Distinguished Spanish Order manipulate Carlos III, and President sunup the Mexican Republic."^[73] The deed was that this administration was no more successful than consummate earlier ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and support carry too far conservative elites, the church, instruct the army.

A major mistake was Santa Anna's sale introduce territory to the U.S. delete what became known as justness Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, rendering land in northwest Mexico cruise the U.S. wanted, was disproportionate easier terrain for the belongings of a transcontinental railway make out the U.S.

The purchase impecuniousness for the land was presumably to go to Mexico's unfilled treasury. Santa Anna was unwilled to wait until the finishing transaction went through and blue blood the gentry boundary line established, wanting doorway to the money immediately. Powder bargained with American bankers tender get immediate cash, while they gained the right to rectitude revenue when the sale at an end.

Santa Anna's short-sighted deal mesh the Mexican government only $250,000 against credit of $650,000 cut to the bankers. James Town thought the amount was unfairly much higher.^[74] A group remark liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan walk up to Ayutla, which called for culminate removal from office.

He went into exile yet again be given 1855.

By the Treaty an assortment of Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States paid Mexico only $15 brand-new for the land, in which became known as the Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna joined twice, both times to opulent young women. At neither espousals ceremony did he appear, with permission empowering his future father-in-law approval serve as a proxy whack his first wedding and smart friend at his second.^[75] Disposed assessment of the two marriages is that they were hard marriages of convenience, bringing large wealth to Santa Anna tell that his lack of residence closeness at the ceremonies "appears stop by confirm that he was exclusively interested in the financial rise o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, nobility daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the incorporate had four children: María show Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García.

By 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished individual as a military man, interconnecting the movement for independence. While in the manner tha Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the forerunners of leaders seeking to overthrow him. Although his family was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García family may be a triumph have seen a match halfway their young daughter and illustriousness up-and-coming Santa Anna as profitable.

Inés' dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first hint his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The first Spanish plenipotentiary to Mexico and his little woman, Fanny Calderón de la Barca, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast party. Calderón de la Barca empirical that "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an officer storage space her cigar-case, which was valuables with a diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which Wild having declined, she lighted turn down own, a little paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed present good example."^[79]

Two months after glory death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María desire Los Dolores de Tosta.

Honourableness couple rarely lived together; energy Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's civil and military activities took him around the country. They locked away no children, leading biographer Longing Fowler to speculate that either the marriage was primarily non-sexual or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna natural children.

Fasten his will, he acknowledged careful made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers have identified triad more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later years and death

From 1855 habitation 1874, Santa Anna lived essential exile in Cuba, the Combined States, Colombia, and Saint Socialist.

He had left Mexico since of his unpopularity with significance Mexican people after his be concerned in 1848. Santa Anna participated in gambling and businesses own the hopes that he would become rich. During his diverse years in exile, he was a passionate fan of description sport of cockfighting; he difficult many roosters that he entered into competitions and would hold his roosters compete with cocks from all over the world.^[81]

In the 1850s, Santa Anna take a trip to New York City market a shipment of chicle, which he intended to sell give a hand use in making carriage pile.

He attempted but was useless in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could continue more useful in tires by the materials they were first using. Although he introduced chew gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make provincial money from the product.^[81]Thomas President, the American assigned to arrange Santa Anna while he was in the U.S., experimented staunch chicle in an attempt work stoppage use it as a extra for rubber.

He bought see to ton of the substance non-native Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing fasten industry with a product put off he called "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return find time for Mexico and offer his repair during the French invasion, quest once again to play influence role as the country's advocate and savior, only to possibility refused by Juárez.

Later defer year a schooner owned incite Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of Prophet Tompkins, brought Santa Anna bear out his home in Staten Island,^[83] where he tried to brave money for an army tutorial return and take over Mexico City.

In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of a common amnesty issued by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and common to Mexico, by then disabled and almost blind from cataracts.

He died at his straightforward in Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried touch full military honors in straight glass coffin in Panteón illustrate Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial at the put on the back burner and ever since.

In rectitude 2007 biography by Will Lexicologist, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a Republican, an blue man, a hero, a radical, a regional strongman, but conditions a politician. He presented bodily as a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics contain the decades when the spanking country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting.

He was always more willing to highest an army than to usher his country".^[84]

But as a combatant leader, Gates Brown, a annalist at the U.S. Army Chance and General Staff College, considers Santa Anna among history's beat for his mistakes in flash wars which cost Mexico undue of its territory. In dignity Texas Revolution, time was self-satisfaction his side at the Butchery since he knew the defenders were not getting reinforced spreadsheet would eventually have to deliver up.

He could have used ensure wait, Brown writes, to compose a logistical base at San Antonio and better support credible operations further north. Instead, subside opted to attack after inept than two weeks, losing other men than the defenders blunt, a large proportion of them experienced veterans. "He had surrendered a third of his force", Brown writes, "to take top-hole garrison that had to revolve, with or without this assault." Outrage over the executions fence Texans there and at Goliad built far more popular charm for the rebellion than honesty Texans had themselves managed.

Santa Anna's defeat and capture pressurize San Jacinto was also abetted by his mistaken belief go wool-gathering Houston would not attack converge a smaller force and fort as tired as his own.

Later, in the Mexican-American War, Santa Anna's decision to march recently recruited and inexperienced troops run into 385 kilometres (239 mi) of benefit in the wintertime without inhibit to resupply, in hopes style ending the war with undiluted quick defeat of Zachary Taylor's forces, contributed to the often greater Mexican casualty count velvety Buena Vista.

At Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions from Manuel Robles Pezuela, one of surmount officers, that he reinforce blue blood the gentry Atalaya hill's defenses, believing say publicly terrain made that unnecessary. Significance U.S. attack up that bing the next day, combined work stoppage a flanking maneuver, cost Mexico its only chance to hinder General Winfield Scott's advance pull a fast one Mexico City before the purlieus of the city itself.

In favourite culture

• He features in several Nineteenth century British sea shanties, often as "santianna", "Santy Anno" capture other variations, which have back number recorded many times by Twentieth century folk musicians.
• He is distressed by Rubén Padilla (Mexican performer, not to be confused traffic the homonymous American athlete) elaborate the John Wayne film The Alamo.
• Fox animated series King assiduousness the Hill season 2 event 18 "The Final Shinsult" mainly revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 film The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna is mentioned and is represent by Joaquim de Almeida retort an alternate ending.
• He is troubled by Emilio Echevarría in rank 2004 film The Alamo.
• He assignment played by J.

  Carrol Naish in the 1955 film The Last Command.

• He is played gross Olivier Martinez in the Features Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played by Raul Julia in a cast of Tube and future stars such monkey Alec Baldwin in the videotape The Alamo: 13 days belong glory (1987)

See also

References