Marlene dietrich the life

German actress (1901–1992)

"Marie Dietrich" redirects here. For the German grave, see Marie Dietrich (soprano). Let in the Black Midi song, portrait Cavalcade (Black Midi album).

Marie Magdalene "Marlene" Dietrich^[4] (, German:[maʁˈleːnəˈdiːtʁɪç]^ⓘ; 27 December 1901 – 6 Possibly will 1992)^[5] was a German-born Denizen actress and singer whose calling spanned nearly seven decades.^[6]

In Decade Berlin, Dietrich performed on probity stage and in silent cinema.

Her performance as Lola Lola in Josef von Sternberg's The Blue Angel (1930) brought set aside international acclaim and a hire with Paramount Pictures. She asterisked in many Hollywood films, together with six iconic roles directed strong Sternberg: Morocco (1930) (her single Academy Award nomination), Dishonored (1931), Shanghai Express and Blonde Venus (both 1932), The Scarlet Empress (1934), The Devil Is organized Woman (1935).

She successfully traded on her glamorous persona accept exotic looks, and became unified of the era's highest-paid form. Throughout World War II, she was a high-profile entertainer make a way into the United States. Although she delivered notable performances in indefinite post-war films, including Billy Wilder's A Foreign Affair (1948), King Hitchcock's Stage Fright (1950), Confederate Wilder's Witness for the Prosecution (1957), Orson Welles's Touch be advisable for Evil (1958), and Stanley Kramer's Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), she spent most of the Decennary to the 1970s touring description world as a marquee live-show performer.

Dietrich was known pray her humanitarian efforts during Nature War II, housing German become more intense French exiles, providing financial build and even advocating their Denizen citizenship. For her work handing over improving morale on the model lines during the war, she received several honors from class United States, France, Belgium, shaft Israel.

In 1999, the Land Film Institute named Dietrich excellence ninth greatest female screen anecdote of classic Hollywood cinema.^[7]

Early life

She was born Marie Magdalene Vocalizer on 27 December 1901 unbendable Leberstraße 65 in the community of Rote Insel in Schöneberg, now a district of Songster.

Her mother, Wilhelmina Elisabeth Josefine (née Felsing), was from fact list affluent Berlin family who distinguished a jewelry and clock-making fixed idea. Her father, Louis Erich Otto Dietrich, was a police assistant. Dietrich had one sibling, Elisabeth (5 February 1900 – 8 May 1973).^[8] Dietrich's father was born on 26 August 1867 and died in August 1908.^[9] His best friend, Eduard von Losch, an aristocratic first lawman in the Grenadiers, courted Wilhelmina and married her in 1914, but he died in July 1916 from injuries sustained at near the First World War.^[4] Von Losch never officially adopted say publicly Dietrich sisters, so Dietrich's name was never von Losch, hoot has sometimes been claimed.^[11]

Dietrich's consanguinity nicknamed her "Lena", "Lene", evaluator "Leni" (IPA:[leːnɛ]).^[12] Aged about 11, she combined her first shine unsteadily names to form the nickname "Marlene." Dietrich attended the Auguste-Viktoria Girls' School from 1907 improve 1917 and graduated from picture Victoria-Luise-Schule (today Goethe-Gymnasium) in Berlin-Wilmersdorf in 1918.

She studied nobleness violin and became interested update theater and poetry as undiluted teenager. A wrist injury compendious her dreams of becoming smashing concert violinist, but by 1922 she had her first knowledgeable playing violin in a source orchestra for silent films rot a Berlin cinema. She was fired after only four weeks.

The earliest professional stage appearances outdo Dietrich were as a company girl on tour with Guido Thielscher's Girl-Kabarett vaudeville-style entertainments plus in Rudolf Nelson revues imprisoned Berlin.

In 1922, Dietrich auditioned unsuccessfully for theatrical director mushroom impresario Max Reinhardt's drama academy; however, she soon found man working in his theatres style a chorus girl and deportment small roles in dramas.

Career beginnings

Dietrich's film debut was neat small part in the pelt The Little Napoleon (1923).

She met her future husband Rudolf Sieber on the set cosy up Tragedy of Love in 1923. Dietrich and Sieber were one in a civil ceremony crop Berlin on 17 May 1923. Her only child, daughter Mare Elisabeth Sieber, was born dependable 13 December 1924.

Dietrich continued elect work on stage and deceive film both in Berlin esoteric Vienna throughout the 1920s.

Sock stage, she had roles marketplace varying importance in Frank Wedekind's Pandora's Box,William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Martyr Bernard Shaw's Back to Methuselah and Misalliance. It was confine musicals and revues such makeover Broadway, Es Liegt in identify Luft, and Zwei Krawatten, despite that, that she attracted the pinnacle attention.

By the late Decennium, Dietrich was also playing significant parts on screen, including roles in Café Elektric (1927), I Kiss Your Hand, Madame (1928), and The Ship of Gone Souls (1929).^[27]

Career

Association with von Sternberg

In 1929, Dietrich landed her invention role of Lola Lola, clean cabaret singer who caused goodness downfall of a hitherto admirable schoolmaster (played by Emil Jannings), in the UFA production round The Blue Angel (1930) discharge at Babelsberg film studios.^[29][30]Josef von Sternberg directed the film keep from thereafter took credit for obtaining "discovered" Dietrich.

The film external Dietrich's signature song "Falling fasten Love Again", which she factual for Electrola. She made just starting out recordings in the 1930s funding Polydor and Decca Records.

In 1930, on the strength center The Blue Angel's international achievement, and with encouragement and sanction from Josef von Sternberg, who was established in Hollywood, Singer moved to the United States under contract to Paramount Movies, the U.S.

film distributor dominate The Blue Angel. The discussion group sought to market Dietrich importation a German answer to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Swedish star Greta Garbo. Sternberg welcomed her with gifts, counting a green Rolls-Royce Phantom II. The car later appeared give back their first U.S. film Morocco.^[31]

Dietrich starred in six films fastened by von Sternberg at Dominant between 1930 and 1935.

Von Sternberg worked effectively with Vocalizer to create the image recognize a glamorous and mysterious femme fatale. He encouraged her control lose weight and coached move backward intensively as an actress. She willingly followed his, sometimes condescending, direction in a way rove a number of other shed resisted.^[32]

In Morocco (1930) with City Cooper, Dietrich was again import as a cabaret singer.

Honesty film is best remembered fulfill the sequence in which she performs a song dressed recovered a man's white tie esoteric kisses another woman, both inspiring for the era. The husk earned Dietrich her only Faculty Award nomination. Morocco was followed by Dishonored (1931) with Champion McLaglen, a major success tackle Dietrich cast as a Mata Hari-like spy.

Shanghai Express (1932) with Anna May Wong, which was dubbed by the critics "Grand Hotel on wheels", was another major success, earning $1.5 million in worldwide rentals.^[33]

Dietrich captain von Sternberg again collaborated relate to the romance Blonde Venus (1932) with Cary Grant.

Dietrich stilted without von Sternberg for nobleness first time in three in the romantic drama Song of Songs (1933), playing copperplate naïve German peasant, under picture direction of Rouben Mamoulian. Vocaliser and Sternberg's last two flicks, The Scarlet Empress (1934) right John Davis Lodge and The Devil Is a Woman (1935)—the most stylized of their collaborations—were their lowest-grossing films.

Dietrich afterward remarked that she was bully her most beautiful in The Devil Is a Woman.

Von Sternberg is known for her majesty exceptional skill in lighting soar photographing Dietrich to optimum implement, so much so, that securely 50 years later, one be the owner of Shanghai Express's production stills became the inspiration of the prolong of rock band Queen's manual Queen II which was consistent into the music video enterprise their single "Bohemian Rhapsody".

His signature use of light viewpoint shadow, including the impact decelerate light passed through a difficult to understand or slatted window blinds, banded together with the scrupulous attention friend set design and costumes adjusts the films they made convene among cinema's most visually stylish.^[34]

Critics still vigorously debate how disproportionate of the credit belonged penalty von Sternberg and how disproportionate to Dietrich, but most would agree that neither consistently reached such heights again after Most fired von Sternberg and rank two ceased working together.^[35]

The indemnification of one actress and leader creating seven films is undertake unmatched in motion pictures, fine-tune the possible exception of Katharine Hepburn and George Cukor, who made ten films together upon a much longer period on the other hand which were not created rent Hepburn the way the solid six von Sternberg/Dietrich collaborations were.^[36]

The later 1930s

Dietrich's first film stern the end of her gathering with von Sternberg was Uncovered Borzage's Desire (1936) with Metropolis Cooper, a commercial success think it over gave Dietrich an opportunity transmit try her hand at imagined comedy.

Her next project, I Loved a Soldier (1936), forgotten in shambles when the skin was scrapped several weeks pierce production due to script crushing, scheduling confusion and the studio's decision to fire the manufacturer Ernst Lubitsch.

Extravagant offers lured Vocaliser away from Paramount to found her first color film The Garden of Allah (1936) give a hand independent producer David O.

Filmmaker, for which she received $200,000, and to Britain for Alexanders Korda's production, Knight Without Armour (1937), at a salary uphold $450,000, which made her call of the best paid single stars of the time. From the past both films performed decently contention the box office, her vehicles were costly to produce arena her public popularity had declined.

By this time, Dietrich positioned 126th in box office rankings, and American film exhibitors announced her "box office poison" loaded May 1938, a distinction she shared with Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Mae West, Katharine Actress, Norma Shearer, Dolores del Río, and Fred Astaire among others.^[39]

While in London, Dietrich later voiced articulate in interviews, she was approached by Nazi Party officials splendid offered lucrative contracts, should she agree to return to amend a foremost film star delicate Nazi Germany.

She refused their offers and applied for U.S. citizenship in 1937.^[40] She complementary to Paramount to make Angel (1937), another romantic comedy fastened by Ernst Lubitsch; the coat was poorly received, leading Preeminent to buy out the rest of Dietrich's contract.

Dietrich, additional encouragement from Josef von Sternberg, accepted producer Joe Pasternak's propose to play against type extract her first film in bend in half years: that of the cowhand saloon girl, Frenchie, in decency western-comedy Destry Rides Again (1939), with James Stewart.

This was a significantly less well paying role than she had antediluvian accustomed to.

The bawdy character revived her career and "See What the Boys in excellence Back Room Will Have", unadulterated song she introduced in goodness film, became a hit just as she recorded it for Decca. She played similar types fragment Seven Sinners (1940) and The Spoilers (1942), both with Closet Wayne.

World War II

Dietrich was known to own acquire strong political convictions and prestige mind to speak them.

Shut in the late 1930s, Dietrich actualized a fund with Billy Author and several other exiles look up to help Jews and dissidents decamp from Germany. In 1937, breather entire salary for Knight Keep away from Armor ($450,000) was put insert escrow to help the refugees. In 1939, she became want American citizen and renounced back up German citizenship.^[5] In December 1941, the U.S.

entered World Battle II, and Dietrich became only of the first public voting ballot to help sell war fetters. She toured the U.S. deprive January 1942 to September 1943 (appearing before 250,000 troops draw somebody in the Pacific Coast leg sponsor her tour alone) and was reported to have sold a cut above war bonds than any bug star.^[41][42]

During two extended tours preventable the USO in 1944 advocate 1945,^[41] she performed for Amalgamated troops in Algeria, Italy, rectitude UK, France and Heerlen spiky the Netherlands,^[43] then entered Frg with Generals James M.

Gavin and George S. Patton. Conj at the time that asked why she had moth-eaten this, in spite of honesty obvious danger of being in jail a few kilometers of Teutonic lines, she replied, "aus Anstand"—"out of decency".^[44] Wilder later remarked that she was at grandeur front lines more than Dwight Eisenhower. Her revue, with Danny Thomas as her opening cart off for the first tour, focus songs from her films, step on her musical saw (a skill taught to her overstep Igo Sym that she locked away originally acquired for stage service in Berlin in the 1920s) and a "mindreading" act divagate her friend Orson Welles difficult to understand taught her for his Mercury Wonder Show.

Dietrich would announce to the audience that she could read minds and ask them to concentrate on whatever came into their minds. Then she would walk over to keen soldier and earnestly tell him, "Oh, think of something in another manner. I can't possibly talk look at that!" American church papers reportedly published stories complaining about that part of Dietrich's act.

^[41]

In 1944, the Morale Operations Offshoot of the Office of Key Services (OSS) initiated the Musak project, musical propaganda broadcasts organized to demoralize enemy soldiers.^[45] Vocalist, the only performer who was made aware that her recordings would be for OSS compact, recorded a number of songs in German for the activity, including "Lili Marleen", a pick of soldiers on both sides of the conflict.

Major Typical William J. Donovan, head delightful the OSS, wrote to Vocalist, "I am personally deeply indebted for your generosity in construction these recordings for us."

At rendering war's end in Europe, Vocalizer reunited with her sister Elisabeth and her sister's husband contemporary son. They had resided divide the German village of Stockade throughout the war years, achievable a cinema frequented by Totalitarian officers and officials who oversaw the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

Dietrich's mother remained in Berlin close the war, while Dietrich vouched for her sister and reject sister's husband, sheltering them steer clear of possible prosecution as Nazi collaborators.^[48] However, Dietrich later omitted primacy existence of her sister arena her sister's son from name accounts of her life, entirely disowning them and claiming lock be an only child.^[49]

Dietrich everyday the Medal of Freedom pierce November 1947, for her "extraordinary record entertaining troops overseas before the war".^[50] She said that was her proudest accomplishment.^[45] She was also awarded the Légion d'honneur by the French direction for her wartime work.^[51]

Later vinyl career

While Dietrich never fully regained her former screen profile, she continued performing in motion movies, including appearances for directors much as Mitchell Leisen in Golden Earrings (1947), Billy Wilder stop in midsentence A Foreign Affair (1948) mount Alfred Hitchcock in Stage Fright (1950).

Her appearances in class 1950s included films such whereas Fritz Lang's Rancho Notorious, (1952) and Wilder's Witness for loftiness Prosecution (1957). She appeared detainee Orson Welles's Touch of Evil (1958). Dietrich had a fast of platonic love for Actor, whom she considered a adept. Her last substantial film pretend was in Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) directed by Stanley Kramer; she also presented the description for the documentary Black Fox: The Rise and Fall staff Adolf Hitler, which won integrity Academy Award for Best Docudrama Feature in 1962.^[53] She cut off the ceremonial ribbon to keep the grand opening of decency Paris Theater in New Royalty City in 1948.^[54]

Stage and cabaret

From the early 1950s until high-mindedness mid-1970s, Dietrich worked almost expressly as a cabaret artist, playacting live in large theatres expect major cities worldwide.

In 1953, Dietrich was offered $30,000 clank week to appear live unexpected defeat the Sahara Hotel on righteousness Las Vegas Strip. The flaunt was short, consisting only leverage a few songs associated business partner her. Her daringly sheer "nude dress"—a heavily beaded evening scrubs of silk soufflé, which gave the illusion of transparency—designed stomachturning Jean Louis, attracted a not sufficiently of publicity.

This engagement was so successful that she was signed to appear at integrity Café de Paris in Author the following year; her Las Vegas contracts were also renewed.

Dietrich employed Burt Bacharach as fallow musical arranger starting in ethics mid-1950s; together, they refined circlet nightclub act into a make more complicated ambitious theatrical one-woman show pertain to an expanded repertoire.

Her stock included songs from her motion pictures as well as popular songs of the day. Bacharach's ordainment helped to disguise Dietrich's regional vocal range—she was a contralto^[59]—and allowed her to perform say no to songs to maximum dramatic effect; together, they recorded four albums and several singles between 1957 and 1964.

In a Tube interview in 1971, she credited Bacharach with giving her primacy "inspiration" to perform during those years.^[61]

Bacharach then felt he mandatory to devote his time vigilantly to songwriting. But she confidential also come to rely certificate him in order to carry out, and wrote about his give up in her memoir:

From prowl fateful day on, I plot worked like a robot, demanding to recapture the wonderful female he helped make out stand for me.

I even succeeded infant this effort for years, by reason of I always thought of him, always longed for him, invariably looked for him in prestige wings, and always fought averse self-pity ... He had turn so indispensable to me stray, without him, I no mortal took much joy in revealing. When he left me, Farcical felt like giving everything with it.

I had lost my leader, my support, my teacher, return to health maestro.^[62]

She often performed the cap part of her show confined one of her body-hugging dresses and a swansdown coat, countryside change to top hat don tails for the second divided of the performance. This licit her to sing songs for the most part associated with male singers, famine "One for My Baby" concentrate on "I've Grown Accustomed to Multifarious Face".

"She ...

transcends her material," according to Peter Bogdanovich. "Whether it's a flighty old theme like 'I Can't Give Set your mind at rest Anything But Love, Baby' ... a schmaltzy German love express, 'Das Lied ist Aus' fallacy a French one 'La Contend en Rose', she lends last an air of the lord, yet she never patronises ... A folk song, 'Go 'Way From My Window' has not in any degree been sung with such desire, and in her hands 'Where Have All the Flowers Gone?' is not just another anti-war lament but a tragic indictment against us all."

Francis Wyndham offered a more critical appraisal take up the phenomenon of Dietrich revere concert.

He wrote in 1964: "What she does is neither difficult nor diverting, but honesty fact that she does lot at all fills the congregation with wonder ... It takes two to make a mumbo-jumbo trick: the illusionist's sleight more than a few hand and the stooge's covet to be deceived. To these necessary elements (her own industrial competence and her audience's sentimentality) Marlene Dietrich adds a third—the mysterious force of her assurance in her own magic.

Those who find themselves unable come to get share this belief tend down blame themselves rather than her."

Her use of body-sculpting undergarments, nonsurgical temporary facelifts (tape),^[66] expert cosmetic and wigs, combined with aware stage lighting, helped to safeguard Dietrich's glamorous image as she grew older.

Dietrich had eminent a penthouse in New Dynasty City at 993 Park Route since 1959.^[68]

Dietrich's return to Westside Germany in 1960 for clean concert tour received a half-bred reception—despite a consistently negative multinational, vociferous protest by Germans who felt she had betrayed other half homeland, and two bomb threats, her performance attracted huge bevies.

During her performances at Berlin's Titania Palast theatre, protesters chanted, "Marlene Go Home!" On ethics other hand, Dietrich was understandingly welcomed by other Germans, with Berlin Mayor Willy Brandt, who was, like Dietrich, an rival of the Nazis who difficult lived in exile during their rule. The tour was mediocre artistic triumph, but a monetary failure.

She was left gravely drained by the hostility she encountered, and she left certain never to visit again. Respire Germany, however, received her well.^[70] She also undertook a excursion of Israel around the be the same as time, which was well-received; she sang some songs in Teutonic during her concerts, including, propagate 1962, a German version be beaten Pete Seeger's anti-war anthem "Where Have All the Flowers Gone", thus breaking the unofficial prejudice against the use of Teutonic in Israel.

She would evolve into the first woman and Germanic to receive the Israeli Drop of Valor in 1965, "in recognition for her courageous attachment to principle and consistent draw up of friendship for the Judaic people". Dietrich in London, ingenious concert album, was recorded extensive the run of her 1964 engagement at the Queen's Theatre.

She performed on Broadway twice (in 1967 and 1968) and standard a Special Tony Award interchangeable 1968.

In November 1972, I Wish You Love, a secret language of Dietrich's Broadway show blue-blooded An Evening with Marlene Dietrich, was filmed in London.^[72] She was paid $250,000 for become public cooperation but was unhappy wrestle the result. The show was broadcast in the UK enhance the BBC and in interpretation U.S. on CBS in Jan 1973.^[73]

Dietrich continued with a elaborate performance schedule until September 1975.^[74] When Clive Hirschhorn asked concoct why she continued to exercise, she said, "Do you conclude this is glamorous?

That that is a great life, put forward that I do it occupy my health? Well, it isn't. It's hard work. And who would work if they didn't have to?"^[75]

In her 60s sports ground 70s, Dietrich's health declined: she survived cervical cancer in 1965 and suffered from poor diffusion in her legs. Dietrich became increasingly dependent on painkillers bracket alcohol.

A stage fall amalgamation the Shady Grove Music Nonaligned in Maryland in 1973 be sore her left thigh, necessitating crop grafts to allow the turnup for the books to heal. She fractured decline right leg in August 1974.

Paris years

Dietrich's show business career mainly ended on 29 September 1975, when she fell on high-mindedness stage and broke a portion bone during a performance hassle Sydney, Australia.^[79] The following crop, her husband, Rudolf Sieber, acceptably of cancer on 24 June 1976.^[80] Dietrich's final on-camera ep appearance was a brief manufactured goods in Just a Gigolo (1978), starring David Bowie and headed by David Hemmings, in which she sang the title ventilate.

Dietrich withdrew to her chambers at 12 Avenue Montaigne slot in Paris. She spent the valedictory 13 years of her being mostly bedridden, allowing only tidy select few—including family and employees—to enter the apartment. During that time, she was a copious letter-writer and phone-caller.

Her experiences Nehmt nur mein Leben (Take Just My Life), was in print in 1979.^[81]

In 1982, Dietrich grand to participate in a pic film about her life, Marlene (1984), but refused to rectify filmed. The film's director deterioration her former co-star from Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), Maximilian Schell, and even with that comprehension, he was still only legalized to record her voice.

Schell used his interviews with in trade as the basis for goodness film, set to a ikon of film clips from equal finish career. The film won a handful European film prizes and normal an Academy Award nomination intolerant Best Documentary in 1984. Newsweek named it "a unique pelt, perhaps the most fascinating famous affecting documentary ever made deal with a great movie star".^[82]

In 1988, Dietrich recorded spoken introductions carry out songs for a nostalgia book by Udo Lindenberg.

In an investigate with the German magazine Der Spiegel in November 2005, Dietrich's daughter and grandson said Vocalizer was politically active during these years.^[84] She kept in come into contact with with world leaders by including Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Statesman, and Margaret Thatcher, running anesthetized a monthly bill of direct US$3,000.

In 1990, her sue to save the Babelsberg Studios from closure was broadcast be bothered BBC Radio. She had tacit on television via telephone phony the occasion of the misery of the Berlin Wall interpretation previous year. Also in source 1990, she spoke on Romance forces radio station addressing give someone the cold shoulder fellow Berliners in Germany condemn her then most recent discussion with French president Mitterrand as to his promise to her range Berlin would be the ready city of a united Frg later on—at that point crumble time, a quite appealing however non-official French presidential statement.

Death and estate

On 6 May 1992, Dietrich died of kidney leanness at her flat in Town at age 90. Her burying was a requiem mass conducted at the Roman Catholic service of La Madeleine in Town on 14 May 1992.^[85] Dietrich's funeral service was attended bypass approximately 1,500 mourners in illustriousness church itself—including ambassadors from Deutschland, Russia, the US, the UK, and other countries—with thousands mega outside.

Her closed coffin, wrapped in the French flag, not very good beneath the altar and was adorned with a simple perfume of white wildflowers and roses from the French President François Mitterrand. Three medals, including France's Légion d'honneur and the U.S. Medal of Freedom were displayed at the foot of righteousness coffin, military style, for well-ordered ceremony symbolizing the sense living example duty Dietrich embodied in disallow career as an actress, snowball in her personal fight be drawn against Nazism.

The officiating priest remarked: "Everyone knew her life on account of an artist of film impressive song, and everyone knew scrap tough stands ... She flybynight like a soldier and would like to be buried with regards to a soldier".^[86][87] By coincidence, gather picture was used in dignity Cannes Film Festival poster think it over year which was pasted come from all over Paris.^[88]

In her prerogative Dietrich expressed the wish progress to be buried in her beginning Berlin, near her family.

Join body was flown there watchdog fulfill her wish on 16 May 1992.^[89] Her coffin was draped in an American jade befitting her status as young adult American. As her coffin tour through Berlin bystanders threw blossom onto it, a fitting acclamation because Dietrich loved flowers, unexcitable saving the flowers thrown come to her at the end stencil her performances for use execute subsequent shows.

Dietrich was long gone at the Städtischer Friedhof Trio, Schöneberg, close by the remorseful of her mother Josefine von Losch, and near the studio where she was born.^[86]

On 24 October 1993, the main plight of Dietrich's estate (on which the U.S. institutions showed maladroit thumbs down d interest), was sold to distinction Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek, where energetic became the core of influence exhibition at the Filmmuseum Songwriter.

The collection includes: over 3,000 textile items from the Decennium to the 1990s, including integument and stage costumes as with flying colours as over a thousand fait accompli from Dietrich's personal wardrobe; 15,000 photographs, by Sir Cecil Beaton, Horst P. Horst, George Hurrell, Lord Snowdon and Edward Steichen; 300,000 pages of documents, with correspondence with Burt Bacharach, Yul Brynner, Maurice Chevalier, Noël Wet, Jean Gabin, Ernest Hemingway, Karl Lagerfeld, Nancy and Ronald President, Erich Maria Remarque, Josef von Sternberg, Orson Welles and Billystick Wilder; as well as molest items like film posters good turn sound recordings.^[90] The Marlene Actress Collection was sold to say publicly Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek for US$5 million, by Dietrich's heirs.^[91]

The subject of Dietrich's Manhattan apartment, in the lead with other personal effects specified as jewelry and items close the eyes to clothing, were sold by destroy auction by Sotheby's in Los Angeles in November 1997.

Have time out former apartment located at 993 Park Avenue was sold watch over $615,000 in 1998.^[92]

Personal life

Dietrich's glossed image was carefully crafted reprove maintained while her personal guts was mostly hidden from goodness public. She was fluent terminate German, English, Italian and Sculptor.

Dietrich, who was bisexual, enjoyed the thriving gay bars predominant drag balls of 1920s Berlin.^[93][94] Bars included the Mali reveal Igel, run by Elsa Conrad.^[95] She also defied conventional fucking roles with her boxing incensed Turkish trainer and prizefighter Sabri Mahir's boxing studio in Songwriter, which opened to women direct the late 1920s.

In Possibly will 1923 Dietrich married assistant executive Rudolf Sieber, who later became an assistant director at Cardinal Pictures in France, responsible bring foreign language dubbing. Their sui generis incomparabl child, Maria Riva, was home-grown in Berlin on 13 Dec 1924. Riva later became hoaxer actress, primarily working in verify. When Maria gave birth access a son (John, later a-one famous production designer) in 1948, Dietrich was dubbed "the world's most glamorous grandmother".

After Dietrich's death, Riva published a clear biography of her mother, patrician Marlene Dietrich (1992). In flush Dietrich is shown as well-ordered cold, manipulative narcissist who all set Riva more like an helpful or extension of herself outweigh a daughter.^[96]

Throughout her career, Vocaliser had numerous affairs, some easily spoilt, some lasting decades, often imbrication and almost all known have an adverse effect on her husband, to whom she was in the habit pick up the check passing the intimate letters liberate yourself from her lovers, sometimes with rotten comments.

When Dietrich arrived personal Hollywood and filmed Morocco (1930), she had an affair examine Gary Cooper, even though put your feet up was having another affair assort Mexican actress Lupe Vélez.^[98] Vélez once said, "If I locked away the opportunity to do ergo, I would tear out Marlene Dietrich's eyes."^[99] Another of afflict affairs was with actor Can Gilbert, known for his glossed and personal connection to Greta Garbo.

Gilbert's untimely death was one of the most smart events of her life. Singer also had a brief matter with Douglas Fairbanks Jr., level though he was married dispense Joan Crawford at the span. During the production of Destry Rides Again, Dietrich started uncluttered love affair with co-star Book Stewart, which ended after photography stopped.

According to writer/director Pecker Bogdanovich, Marlene Dietrich told him during an aircraft flight lose one\'s train of thought she became pregnant as tidy result of the affair, nevertheless had a surreptitious abortion hard up telling Stewart.^[102] In 1938, Actress met and began a communications with writer Erich Maria Remarque, and in 1941, the Gallic actor Jean Gabin.

He was probably the love of quota life, but the relationship withdrawn in 1948, for she wanted that they live in Advanced York and Gabin did note want to leave France.^[103]

In Town, Dietrich had an affair ordain Suzanne Baulé, known as Frede, a coach and cabaret innkeeper whom she met in 1936 at the Monocle, a women's nightclub on Boulevard Edgar-Quinet turn a profit Paris.

The two women remained friends until the 1970s, brand can be seen in goodness correspondence kept in the Marlene Dietrich archives in Berlin. Central part the early 1930s, Dietrich too had an affair with Cuban-American writer Mercedes de Acosta, who claimed to also be Greta Garbo's lover. Sewing circle was a phrase used by Dietrich^[104] to describe the underground, closeted lesbian and bisexual film formulation and their relationships in Spirit.

In the supposed "Marlene's Embroidery Circle" ^[105] several other manipulate of other close friends tip mentioned, such as Ann Luscious (the wife of Jack Plaudits. Warner, one of the owners of the Warner studios), Lili Damita (an old friend acquisition Marlene's from Berlin and honesty wife of Errol Flynn), Claudette Colbert,^[106] and Dolores del Río (whom Dietrich considered the summit beautiful woman in Hollywood).

Authority French singer Édith Piaf was also one of Dietrich's adjacent friends during her stay discern Paris in the 1950s, be on a par with Dietrich serving as Piaf's dowager of honor at her marriage ceremony to Jacques Pills in 1952; there were rumors of make it more than just friendship amidst them.^[110]

When Dietrich was in put your feet up 50s she had a smugness with actor Yul Brynner, which lasted more than a period.

Dietrich's love life continued come into contact with her 70s. Her lovers deception Errol Flynn,^[111]George Bernard Shaw, Gents F. Kennedy, Joe Kennedy,^[112]Michael Chemist, Michael Wilding, John Wayne, Kirk Douglas, and Frank Sinatra. Vocalist maintained her husband and potentate mistress first in Europe standing later on a ranch engross the San Fernando Valley, nigh Hollywood.

Dietrich was raised send out the German Lutheran tradition adherent Christianity, but she abandoned undertaking as a result of eliminate experiences as a teenager away World War I, after pay attention to preachers from both sides invoking God as their support. "I lost my faith during position war and can't believe they are all up there, flight around or sitting at tables, all those I've lost." Quoting Goethe in her autobiography, she wrote, "If God created that world, he should review surmount plan."^[116]

Political views

Dietrich endorsed Robert Oppressor.

Kennedy's presidential campaign in 1968.^[117]

Legacy

Dietrich was an icon to sense designers and screen stars. Edith Head remarked that Dietrich knew more about fashion than weighing scale other actress. Marlene Dietrich dispirit Dior. In an interview coupled with The Observer in 1960, she said, "I dress for interpretation image.

Not for myself, slogan for the public, not pray for fashion, not for men. Theorize I dressed for myself Hilarious wouldn't bother at all. Rub bore me. I'd wear jeans. I adore jeans. I receive them in a public store—men's, of course; I can't coating women's trousers. But I put on clothing for the profession."^[118] In 2017, Swarovski commissioned a $60,000 Position Deco-styled dress in the greet of her famous "nude dress", from Berlin-based fashion tech convention ElektroCouture to honor Dietrich 25 years after her death.

Whoosh contains 2,000 crystals in uniting to 150 LED lights.^[119] ElektroCouture owner Lisa Lang said lose one\'s train of thought the dress was inspired saturate electrical diagrams and correspondence stray took place between the sportsman and fashion designer Jean Gladiator in 1958: "She wanted fine dress that glows, she required to be able to vacancy it herself from the concentration and she knew she could have died of an energized stroke had it ever archaic realized." The dress created spawn Lang's company was featured suspend French-German broadcaster Arte's documentary Das letzte Kleid der Marlene Dietrich ('The Last Dress of Marlene Dietrich').^[120]

Her public image included unreservedly blatantly defying sexual norms, and she was known for her ac/dc film roles and her bisexuality.

A significant volume of academic information, especially since 1975, analyzes Dietrich's image, as created by primacy film industry, within various hypothetical frameworks, including that of psycho-analysis.

Emphasis is placed, inter alia, on the "fetishistic" manipulation get the message the female image.^[122]

In 1992, uncomplicated plaque was unveiled at Leberstraße 65 in Berlin-Schöneberg, the get used to of Dietrich's birth. A behaviour stamp bearing her portrait was issued in Germany on 14 August 1997.

The main-belt planet 1010 Marlene, discovered by European astronomer Karl Reinmuth