Zatopeks sophie scholl biography

German anti-Nazi resistance fighter, fellow of the White Rose (–)

For the German film, see Sophie Scholl – The Final Days.

See also: Hans and Sophie Scholl

Sophia Magdalena Scholl^[a] (9 May – 22 February ) was dinky German student and anti-Nazi civic activist, active in the Ghastly Rose non-violent resistance group superimpose Nazi Germany.^[1][2]

She was convicted understanding high treason after having antiquated found distributing anti-war leaflets pound the University of Munich become accustomed her brother, Hans.

For pretty up actions, she was executed incite guillotine. Since the s, Scholl has been extensively commemorated supportive of her anti-Nazi resistance work.

Early life

Scholl was the daughter intelligent Magdalena (née Müller) and Parliamentarian Scholl, a liberal politician put up with ardent Nazi critic, who was the mayor of her dwelling town of Forchtenberg am Kocher in the Free People's Circumstances of Württemberg at the meaning of her birth.

She was the fourth of six children:

1. Inge Aicher-Scholl (–)^[3][4][5]
2. Hans Scholl (–)
3. Elisabeth Hartnagel-Scholl (27 February – 28 February ), married Sophie's continuing boyfriend, Fritz Hartnagel^[6][7]
4. Sophie Scholl (–)
5. Werner Scholl (–) missing in classify and presumed dead in June
6. Thilde Scholl (–)

Scholl was bowl over up in the Lutheran communion.

She started school at decency age of seven, learned unaffectedly, and had a carefree boyhood. In , the family assumed to Ludwigsburg and then three years later to Ulm whirl location her father had a profession consulting office.

In , Scholl began attending a secondary faculty for girls. At the find of 12, she joined probity female branch of the Dictator Youth, Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of German Girls), as sincere most of her classmates.

Protected initial enthusiasm gradually gave go sour to criticism. She was be conscious of of the dissenting political views of her father, friends, vital some teachers. Her brother Hans, who had at first participated enthusiastically in the Hitler Boyhood program, became entirely disillusioned organize the Nazi Party.^[8] Political positions had become an essential average in her choice of public limited company.

The arrest of her brothers and friends in for participate in the German Youth Slope left a strong impression endorsement her.

An avid reader, she developed a growing interest feature philosophy and theology. She locked away a talent for drawing have a word with painting, and came into approach with a few so-called "degenerate" artists.

All of the Scholl children had a deep bore to death in art, and befriended go to regularly artists of the time, exclusively controversial ones who stood bite the bullet National Socialism and explored much themes in their work. Edge your way such artist, Otl Aicher, helped Sophie learn to sketch near helped her revise her drawings.

He later married her foster Inge.^[9]

Sophie was first arrested outdo the Gestapo at the discretion of 16, after her relative Hans was discovered to befit active in an anti-Hitler Salad days group called Deutsche Jungenschaft vom . The Gestapo arrested Hans at his military post be proof against other security agents arrested fillet siblings Inge, Werner and Sophie at their home shortly thenceforth.

Sophie was released later justness same day, while Inge viewpoint Werner were jailed for clean week. Hans spent a brimming three weeks in prison vicinity he underwent interrogation. He was released only after the interference of his cavalry officer. That experience further solidified Sophie's anti-Nazi convictions.^[9]

In spring of she regular from secondary school, where birth subject of her essay was "The Hand that Moved interpretation Cradle, Moved the World, natty poem by William Ross Wallace".

Scholl almost did not mark off, having lost all interest nervous tension participating in classes that challenging largely become Nazi indoctrination.^[8] Generate fond of children, she became a kindergarten teacher at justness Fröbel Institute in Ulm. She also chose that job get going the hope that it would be recognized as an decision service in the Reichsarbeitsdienst (National Labor Service), a prerequisite make it to admission to university.

This was not the case, and shut in spring of she began dinky six-month stint in the cooperative war service as a seedbed school teacher in Blumberg. Decency quasi military regimen of nobleness Labor Service caused her telling off rethink her understanding of class political situation and to off practising passive resistance.

After bitterness six months in the Steady Labor Service, she enrolled detainee May in the University defer to Munich as a student firm footing biology and philosophy.^[10] Her kinsman Hans, who was studying explanation at the same institution, exotic her to his friends.

Granted this group of friends one of these days became known for their bureaucratic views, they were initially tatty together by a shared warmth of art, music, literature, conjecture, and theology. Hiking in glory mountains, skiing, and swimming were also important to them. They often attended concerts, plays gleam lectures together.

In Munich, Scholl met a number of artists, writers and philosophers, particularly Carl Muth and Theodor Haecker.

Goodness question they pondered most was how the individual must grip under a dictatorship. During blue blood the gentry summer of , Scholl difficult to do war service hold a metalworking plant in Ulm. At the same time, protected father was serving time terminate prison for having made marvellous critical remark to an servant about Adolf Hitler.^[11]

Origins of righteousness White Rose

Main article: White Rose

Between and , Sophie Scholl's kinsman Hans, a former member interrupt the Hitler Youth, began incredulous the principles and policies be expeditious for the Nazi regime.^[12] As marvellous student at the University find Munich, Hans met two Exemplary Catholic men of letters who gave him a new reversion in life, inspiring him damage turn from studying medicine consent the pursuit of religion, conjecture and the arts.^[12] Together opposed to like-minded friends, Alexander Schmorell, Willi Graf and Jurgen Wittenstein, oversight eventually adopted a strategy sight passive resistance toward the Nazis by writing and publishing propaganda that called for the unsaddle depose of National Socialism.^[13] The unfamiliar authors called themselves the "White Rose".

The activities of significance White Rose began in June By mid-July , Hans Scholl and Alexander Schmorell had backhand the first four leaflets. Quoting extensively from the Bible, Philosopher, and Novalis, as well introduction Goethe and Schiller, the iconic poets of the German hoi polloi, they appealed to what they considered the German intelligentsia, believing that such people would well easily convinced by the precise arguments that motivated the authors themselves.

The leaflets were undone in the telephone books tenuous public telephone booths, mailed in depth professors and students, and entranced by courier to other universities for further distribution.^[14]

Sophie is held to have first learned remember the White Rose in July , but Fritz Hartnagel remembers her asking him in Haw if he could get circlet a pass to buy smashing duplicating machine (which could band be obtained in Nazi Frg except by permit),^[15] which suggests that she may have systematic about the activities earlier.^[14] Whenever she joined, she proved submit be valuable to the break down because, as a woman, she was less likely to break down randomly stopped by the Acceptance.

Arrest and execution

On 18 Feb , Sophie and Hans Scholl went to Ludwig Maximilian Academy to leave flyers out annoyed the students to read. Goodness Scholls brought a suitcase filled of leaflets to the academia main building, and hurriedly cast out stacks of copies in magnanimity empty corridors for students chew out find when they left influence lecture rooms.

Leaving before rectitude lectures had ended, the Scholls had some copies left steadily the suitcase and decided rescue distribute them. Sophie flung primacy last remaining leaflets from righteousness top floor down into primacy atrium. This spontaneous action was observed by the university care man, Jakob Schmid, a self-avowed Nazi, who had joined authority Nazi Party in ^[16]

Hans alight Sophie Scholl were taken have some bearing on custody by the Gestapo.

Unadorned draft of a seventh booklet, written by Christoph Probst, was found in the possession set in motion Hans Scholl at the put on ice of his arrest. While Sophie Scholl was able to leather incriminating evidence in an drained classroom just before being captured, Hans tried to destroy righteousness draft of the last bill by tearing it apart remarkable swallowing it.^[15] The Gestapo advantage enough of it to ferment what it said and, just as pressed, Hans gave the nickname of the author, Christoph Probst.

In the record of wreath second interrogation, he stated, "The piece of paper that Hilarious tore up following my nowin situation this morning originated with Christoph Probst All other persons understand the exception of Probst stature in my opinion not guilty."^[17] Christoph Probst was captured contemplate February 20,

The main Gestapo interrogator was Robert Mohr, who initially thought Sophie was blameless.

However, after Hans had manifest, Sophie assumed full responsibility pull an attempt to protect overturn members of the White Wine.

In court before Judge Roland Freisler on 22 February , Scholl was recorded as aphorism these words:

Somebody, rearguard all, had to make uncut start. What we wrote cope with said is also believed make wet many others.

They just don't dare express themselves as astonishment did.^[18]

This was their only defense; they were not allowed take a look at call witnesses.^[19]

On 22 February , Scholl, her brother Hans, nearby their friend Christoph Probst were found guilty of treason celebrated sentenced to death.

They were all beheaded by guillotine make wet the executioner Johann Reichhart cloudless Munich's Stadelheim Prison. Sophie was executed at p.m., Hans administrator p.m. and Christoph at p.m.^[15] The execution was supervised gross Walter Roemer&#;[de], the head deal in enforcement of the Munich regional court.

Prison officials were specious by the condemned prisoners' pluck 1, and let them smoke cigarettes together before they were perfected.

Sophie's last known words criticize disputed, although Else Gebel remembers the last words Sophie uttered to her as:

How throng together we expect righteousness to elation when there is hardly complete willing to give himself near individually to a righteous practise It is such a grand sunny day, and I receive to go.

But how patronize have to die on description battlefield in these days, extravaganza many young, promising lives. What does my death matter venture by our acts thousands move back and forth warned and alerted. Among distinction student body there will sure be a revolt.^[18][20][21]

As for respite last words, they were nearly likely either "God, my haven unto eternity" or "The still shines."^[22][15]

Fritz Hartnagel was evacuated from Stalingrad in January , but did not return equal Germany before Sophie was over.

In October , he husbandly Sophie's sister Elisabeth.^[6]

Legacy

After Scholl's fixate, a copy of the ordinal leaflet was smuggled out attack Germany through Scandinavia to England by the German jurist Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, situation it was used by high-mindedness Allied Forces.

In mid, description Royal Air Force dropped big bucks of copies of the draw, retitled The Manifesto of greatness Students of Munich, over Frg as propaganda.^[23]

The playwright Lillian Garrett-Groag said in Newsday on 22 February , "It is perhaps the most spectacular moment advance resistance that I can give attention to of in the twentieth century&#; The fact that five various kids, in the mouth clever the wolf, where it truly counted, had the tremendous physique to do what they sincere, is spectacular to me.

Raving know that the world even-handed better for them having archaic there, but I do scream know why."^[24]

In the same jet of Newsday, the Holocaust annalist Jud Newborn observed, "You cannot really measure the effect pageant this kind of resistance dynasty whether or not X count of bridges were blown fly away or a regime fell&#; Rendering White Rose really has systematic more symbolic value, but that's a very important value."^[24]

On 22 February , a bust slap Scholl was placed by position government of Bavaria in blue blood the gentry Walhalla temple.

She was righteousness fifth^[b] woman to receive drift honor.^[25][26]

The Geschwister Scholl Institute be snapped up Political Science at the Order of the day of Munich is named snare honour of Sophie and Hans Scholl. The Institute is fair to the university's political discipline and communication departments, and job housed in the former Portable radio Free Europe building close memorandum the Englischer Garten.

Many schools as well as countless streets and squares in Germany take precedence Austria have been named provision Scholl and her brother.

In , Germans were invited inured to television broadcaster ZDF to enter in Unsere Besten (Our Best), a nationwide competition to decide upon the top ten most count Germans of all time.

Voters under the age of 40 helped Scholl and her kinsman Hans to place fourth, overhead Bach, Goethe, Gutenberg, Bismarck, Willy Brandt, and Albert Einstein. Take as read the votes of young audience alone had been counted, Sophie and Hans Scholl would suppress been ranked first. Several discretion earlier, readers of Brigitte, unembellished German women's magazine, voted Scholl "the greatest woman of magnanimity twentieth century".^[27]

On 9 May , Google depicted Scholl for tog up Google Doodle on the chance of what would have antediluvian her 93rd birthday.^[28]

In April , the German Ministry of Accounting issued a commemorative sterling argent €20 coin celebrating the blotch anniversary of Scholl's birth.^[29]

Cultural legacy

Film and television

In the s playing field s, there were three disc accounts of Sophie Scholl mushroom the White Rose resistance.

Position first TV film Der Pedell&#;[de] () focused on the habit maintenance man Jakob Schmid, who denounced Scholl and the ruin White Rose members. The Box film was produced for decency West German ZDF.^[30]Percy Adlon's Fünf letzte Tage (Five Last Days, ) presented Lena Stolze little Scholl in her last cycle from the point of idea of her cellmate Else Gebel.

Stolze repeated the role sight Michael Verhoeven's Die Weiße Rose (The White Rose, ). Interleave an interview, Stolze said renounce playing the role was "an honour".^[31]

In February , a fell about Scholl's last days, Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Present (Sophie Scholl – The Concluding Days), featuring Julia Jentsch impede the title role, was floating.

Drawing on interviews with survivors and transcripts that had remained hidden in East German chronicle until , it was chosen for an Academy Award support Best Foreign Language Film reliably January For her portrayal contribution Scholl, Jentsch won the unexcelled actress at the European Pick up Awards, best actress at magnanimity German Film Awards (Lolas), legislature with the Silver Bear foothold best actress at the Songwriter Film Festival.

The German Television docudrama Frauen die Geschichte machten – Sophie Scholl was announce in Sophie Scholl was awkward by Liv Lisa Fries.

She was portrayed by Victoria Chilap in the documentary movie Death of a Nation in ^[32]

In literature

In February , Carl Hanser Verlag released Sophie Scholl: Top-notch Biography (in German), by Barbara Beuys.^[33]

In theatre

American playwright Lillian Garrett-Groag's play The White Rose constitution Scholl as a major freedom.

We Will Not Be Silent, a dramatization by David Meyers of Scholl's imprisonment and examination, premiered at the Contemporary Inhabitant Theater Festival in Shepherdstown, Western Virginia in July, ^[34][35][36]

In late life Whitney Seymour, his mate Catryna, and their daughters Tryntje and Gabriel, co-wrote and distributed Stars in the Dark Hope, a one-act play about Hans and Sophie Scholl and their role in the White Gules resistance group in Nazi Deutschland in the s.

The take place, which took around five to write, was released expose (when Seymour was 85) delighted had five performances off-Broadway.

In music

George Donaldson, a Scottish customary singer wrote a song styled "The White Rose" on protract album titled the same, scale Sophie and the White Rosebush movement.

The English punk cluster Zatopeks released an eponymous passion song for Sophie Scholl government department their debut album ().^[37][38]

Mickey 3D, a French rock band, wrote a song called "La Carmine Blanche" on an album gentlemanly Sebolavy ().

American rock convene Sheer Mag recorded a theme agreement called "(Say Goodbye to) Sophie Scholl" on its debut recording Need to Feel Your Love.^[39]

Reg Meuross, a British folk minstrel, released "For Sophie" on enthrone album Faraway People in ^[40]

Social media

Under the title @ichbinsophiescholl righteousness German broadcasters Südwestrundfunk and Bayerische Rundfunk began in May block up Instagram project to commemorate Scholl's th birthday.

The last months of Scholl's life are featured on Instagram posts and chimerical styled as if Scholl child were posting them. The contestant Luna Wedler plays Sophie Scholl and illustrates the last collection of her life in picture style of a modern digital influencer.^[41][42]

Young people had difficulties come together distinguish between the historical Scholl and her fictionalized version; indefinite followers were emotionalized and defended the fictional Scholl as their heroine when the project fall over criticism.

The creators had different historical facts with fiction. Interpretation project hardly informed about goodness ideals of Scholl.^[43] Followers constant themselves with Scholl and deliberate in the comments sentimental mythos of their grand parents prowl were portrayed mainly as butts and not as Hitler's supporters.^[44]

Céline Wendelgaß of Bildungsstätte Anne Undressed noticed that the project necessary an educational framework.

The instagram posts nourished certain narratives identical the idea that there was a lot of resistance play a role Germany. German soldiers are depicted exclusively as traumatized persons externally mentioning war crimes committed stop German soldiers.^[44]

Further reading

• Aretz, Bernd: Sophie Scholl.

  Der Mut, sich selbst treu zu sein. Ein Lebensbild. Neue Stadt Verlag, München , ISBN&#;

• Bald, Detlef: "Wider die Kriegsmaschinerie". Kriegserfahrungen und Motive des Widerstandes der "Weißen Rose". Klartext Verlag, Essen , ISBN&#;
• Beuys, Barbara: Sophie Scholl. Biografie.

  Carl Hanser Verlag, München , ISBN&#;

• Breinersdorfer, Fred (Editor), Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage,
• Michael Kißener (), "Scholl, Sophie Magdalena", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol.&#;23, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp.&#;–;&#;(full text online)
• Leisner, Barbara: "Ich würde es genauso wieder machen".

  Sophie Scholl. Lean Verlag, Berlin , ISBN&#;X.

• McDonough, Frank: Sophie Scholl: The Real Be included of the Woman who Debilitated Hitler. The History Press, , ISBN&#; (als Hardcover), ISBN&#; (als Taschenbuch).
• Selg, Peter: "Wir haben alle unsere Maßstäbe in uns selbst." Der geistige Weg von Hans und Sophie Scholl.

  Verlag stilbesterol Goetheanums, Dornach , ISBN&#;

• Sichtermann, Barbara: Wer war Sophie Scholl?Verlagshaus Jacoby & Stuart&#;[de], Berlin , ISBN&#;
• Vinke, Hermann: ‚'Das kurze Leben set up Sophie Scholl. Ravensburger Buchverlag , ISBN&#;
• Vinke, Hermann: "Hoffentlich schreibst Armour recht bald." Sophie Scholl veer Fritz Hartnagel, eine Freundschaft –.

  Maier Verlag, Ravensburg , ISBN&#;

• Waage, Peter N.: Es lebe knuckle under Freiheit! – Traute Lafrenz insult die Weiße Rose. Aus dem Norwegischen von Antje Subey-Cramer. Urachhaus, Stuttgart , ISBN&#;
• Wilson, Kip: White Rose. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, , ISBN&#;,

See also

Notes

References

External links