Knut hamsun meeting hitler biography

Norwegian novelist (1859–1952)

"Hamsun" redirects For the film, see Hamsun (film).

Knut Hamsun (4 August 1859 – 19 February 1952) was a Norwegian writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize break through Literature in 1920. Hamsun's duty spans more than 70 era and shows variation with cut into to consciousness, subject, perspective added environment.

He published more outweigh 23 novels, a collection faultless poetry, some short stories stall plays, a travelogue, works only remaining non-fiction and some essays.

Hamsun is considered to be "one of the most influential pivotal innovative literary stylists of influence past hundred years" (ca. 1890–1990).^[1] He pioneered psychological literature take up again techniques of stream of cognisance and interior monologue, and upset authors such as Thomas Writer, Franz Kafka, Maxim Gorky, Stefan Zweig, Henry Miller, Hermann Author, John Fante, James Kelman, Physicist Bukowski and Ernest Hemingway.^[2]Isaac Bashevis Singer called Hamsun "the pop of the modern school clean and tidy literature in his every aspect—his subjectiveness, his fragmentariness, his make money on of flashbacks, his lyricism.

Greatness whole modern school of untruth in the twentieth century stems from Hamsun".^[3] Since 1916, some of Hamsun's works have antediluvian adapted into motion pictures. Failsafe 4 August 2009, the Knut Hamsun Centre was opened comprise Hamarøy Municipality.^[4]

The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism.

No problem argued that the main thing of modernist literature should have someone on the intricacies of the anthropoid mind, that writers should report the "whisper of blood, turf the pleading of bone marrow".^[5] Hamsun is considered the "leader of the Neo-Romantic revolt be equal the turn of the Ordinal century", with works such whilst Hunger (1890), Mysteries (1892), Pan (1894), and Victoria (1898).^[6] Crown later works—in particular his "Nordland novels"—were influenced by the Norse new realism, portraying everyday be in motion in rural Norway and ofttimes employing local dialect, irony, submit humour.^[7] Hamsun only published flavour poetry collection, The Wild Choir, which has been set expect music by several composers.

Hamsun had strong anti-English views, mediate part due to the misuse of Norway during World Contention I, and openly supported Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, roaming to meet Hitler during rectitude German occupation of Norway.^[8][9][10] Benefit to his professed support be a symbol of the occupation of Norway wallet the Quisling regime, he was charged with treason after leadership war.

He was not guilty, officially due to psychological twist someone\'s arm and issues relating to nigh on age, but was issued precise heavy fine in 1948.^[11][12][13] Hamsun's last book, On Overgrown Paths, authored in semi-imprisonment in Landvik, concerned his treatment and respond of accusations of his far-reaching ineptness.^[14][13]

Biography

Early life

Knut Hamsun was as Knud Pedersen in Lom, Norway in the Gudbrandsdal valley.^[15] He was the fourth issue (of seven children) of Tora Olsdatter and Peder Pedersen.

What because he was three, the descent moved to Hamsund in Hamarøy Municipality in Nordland county.^[16] They were poor and an newswriter had invited them to evenness his land for him.

At nine Knut was separated outsider his family and lived clatter his uncle Hans Olsen, who needed help with the advise office he ran.

Olsen castoff to beat and starve rulership nephew, and Hamsun later acknowledged that his chronic nervous accountability were due to the no different his uncle treated him.

In 1874 he finally escaped preserve to Lom. For the subsequent five years he did coarse job for money; he was a store clerk, peddler, shoemaker's apprentice, sheriff's assistant, and characteristic elementary-school teacher.^[17]

At 17 he became a ropemaker's apprentice; at in the matter of the same time he begun to write.

He asked capitalist Erasmus Zahl to give him significant monetary support, and Zahl agreed. Hamsun later used Zahl as a model for nobility character Mack appearing in empress novels Pan (1894), Dreamers (1904), Benoni (1908) and Rosa (1908).^[18]

He spent several years in Usa, traveling and working at diverse jobs, and published his disappear under the title Fra det moderne Amerikas Aandsliv (1889).

Early literary career

Working all those different jobs paid off,^[19] and flair published his first book: Den Gaadefulde: En Kjærlighedshistorie fra Nordland (The Enigmatic Man: A Liking Story from Northern Norway, 1877). It was inspired from rank experiences and struggles he endured from his jobs.

In sovereignty second novel Bjørger (1878), take steps attempted to imitate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's writing style of the Norse saga narrative. The melodramatic recounting follows a poet, Bjørger, most recent his love for Laura. That book was published under honourableness pseudonym Knud Pedersen Hamsund. That book later served as greatness basis for Victoria: En Kærligheds Historie (1898; translated as Victoria: A Love Story, 1923).^[20]

As light 1898 Hamsun was among description contributors of Ringeren, a state and cultural magazine established incite Sigurd Ibsen.^[21]

Major works

Hamsun first usual wide acclaim with his 1890 novel Hunger (Sult).

The semiautobiographical work described a young writer's descent into near madness chimp a result of hunger person in charge poverty in the Norwegian means of Kristiania (modern name Oslo). To many, the novel presages the writings of Franz Writer and other twentieth-century novelists accost its internal monologue and odd logic.

A theme to which Hamsun often returned is guarantee of the perpetual wanderer, principally itinerant stranger (often the narrator) who shows up and insinuates himself into the life virtuous small rural communities. This itinerant theme is central to rectitude novels Mysteries, Pan, Under influence Autumn Star, The Last Joy, Vagabonds, Rosa, and others.

Hamsun's prose often contains rapturous depictions of the natural world, join intimate reflections on the Norse woodlands and coastline. For that reason, he has been interrelated with the spiritual movement unheard of as pantheism ("No one knows God," he once wrote, "man knows only gods.").^[22] Hamsun axiom mankind and nature united occupy a strong, sometimes mystical layer.

This connection between the note and their natural environment problem exemplified in the novels Pan, A Wanderer Plays on Reverberating Strings, and the epic Growth of the Soil, "his awe-inspiring work" credited with securing him the Nobel Prize in Writings in 1920.^[23]

World War II, close down and trial

During World War II, Hamsun supported the German conflict effort.

He courted and decrease with high-ranking Nazi officers, containing Adolf Hitler. Nazi Minister have a high opinion of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels wrote calligraphic long and enthusiastic diary document concerning a private meeting suggest itself Hamsun; according to Goebbels, Hamsun's "faith in German victory report unshakable".^[24] In 1940 Hamsun wrote that "the Germans are militant for us".^[25] After Hitler's pull off, he published a short obit in which he described him as "a warrior for mankind" and "a preacher of grandeur gospel of justice for the complete nations".

After the war, earth was detained by police positive 14 June 1945, for traitorousness, then committed to a medical centre in Grimstad (Grimstad sykehus) "due to his advanced age", according to Einar Kringlen (a prof and medical doctor).^[26] In 1947 he was tried in Grimstad and fined.^[27] Norway's supreme press one`s suit with reduced the fine from 575,000 to 325,000 Norwegian kroner.^[28]

After honourableness war, Hamsun's views on depiction Germans during the war were a cause of serious distress for the Norwegians, and they tried to separate their world-famous writer from his Nazi traditional wisdom.

At the trial Hamsun challenging pleaded ignorance. Deeper explanations concern his contradictory personality, his detestation for hoi polloi, his worthlessness complex, a profound distress deem the spread of indiscipline, hatred toward the interwar democracy, sports ground especially his Anglophobia.^[29]

Death

Knut Hamsun deadly on 19 February 1952, downright 92, in Grimstad.

His remnants are buried in the parkland of his home at Nørholm in Grimstad Municipality.^[30]

Legacy

Thomas Mann ostensible him as a "descendant commandeer Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Friedrich Nietzsche." Arthur Koestler was a comb of his love stories. Pirouette. G. Wells praised Markens Grøde (1917) for which Hamsun was awarded the Nobel Prize epoxy resin Literature.

Isaac Bashevis Singer was a fan of his new subjectivism, use of flashbacks, sovereignty use of fragmentation, and jurisdiction lyricism.^[20] A character in Physicist Bukowski's book Women referred disregard him as the greatest scribe who has ever lived.^[31]

A fifteen-volume edition of Hamsun's complete deeds was published in 1954.

Critical 2009, to mark the Hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary of his birth, spruce new 27-volume edition of her majesty complete works was published, together with short stories, poetry, plays, boss articles not included in depiction 1954 edition. For this another edition, all of Hamsun's totality underwent slight linguistic modifications organize order to make them repair accessible to contemporary Norwegian readers.^[32] Fresh English translations of yoke of his major works, Growth of the Soil and Pan, were published in 1998.

Hamsun's works remain popular. In 2009, a Norwegian biographer stated, "We can’t help loving him, shuffle through we have hated him go into battle these years ... That’s definite Hamsun trauma. He’s a spectre that won’t stay in prestige grave."^[33]

Three of Hamsun's homes (Hamsund gård in Hamarøy Municipality, Hamsunstugu in Garmo in Lom Village, and Nørholm in Grimstad Municipality) are open to the tell as museums, in addition evaluate the Knut Hamsun Centre rework Hamarøy.

The whereabouts of Hamsun's Nobel Prize medal remain unknown.^[34]

Writing techniques

Along with August Strindberg, Henrik Ibsen, and Sigrid Undset, Writer formed a quartet of European authors who became internationally destroy for their works. Hamsun pioneered psychological literature with techniques finance stream of consciousness and inside monologue, as found in constituents by, for example, Joyce, Novelist, Mansfield and Woolf.

His chirography also had a major reflect on Franz Kafka.^[35]

Personal life

In 1898, Hamsun married Bergljot Göpfert (née Bech), who bore daughter Town, but the marriage ended confine 1906. Hamsun then married Marie Andersen (1881–1969) in 1909 avoid she was his companion forthcoming the end of his animation.

They had four children: choice Tore and Arild and sprouts Ellinor and Cecilia.

Marie wrote about her life with Writer in two memoirs. She was a promising actress when she met Hamsun but ended troop career and traveled with him to Hamarøy. They bought smashing farm, the idea being "to earn their living as farmers, with his writing providing few additional income".

After a not many years they decided to advance south, to Larvik. In 1918 they bought Nørholm, an pillar, somewhat dilapidated manor house halfway Lillesand and Grimstad. The vital residence was restored and redecorated. Here Hamsun could occupy yourself with writing undisturbed, although grace often travelled to write play a role other cities and places (preferably in spartan housing).

Racism stake admiration for Hitler

From his girlhood onward, Hamsun espoused anti-egalitarian keep from racist beliefs. In The Native Life of Modern America (1889), he expressed his firm comparison to miscegenation: "The Negros junk and will remain Negros, unadorned nascent human form from loftiness tropics, rudimentary organs on say publicly body of white society.

In lieu of of founding an intellectual sole, America has established a mulatto studfarm."^[36]

Hamsun wrote several newspaper time in the course of rendering Second World War, including her highness notorious 1940 assertion that "the Germans are fighting for limited, and now are crushing England's tyranny over us and shuffle neutrals".^[25] In 1943, he transmitted Germany's minister of propagandaJoseph Nazi his Nobel Prize medal in the same way a gift.

His biographer Thorkild Hansen interpreted this as superiority of the strategy to invest in an audience with Hitler.^[37] Author was eventually invited to fuse with Hitler; during the full, he complained about the Teutonic civilian administrator in Norway, Josef Terboven, and asked that in irons Norwegian citizens be released, plaguing Hitler.^[38]Otto Dietrich describes the end of hostilities in his memoirs as honourableness only time that another human being was able to get precise word in edgeways with Despot.

He attributes this to Hamsun's deafness. Regardless, Dietrich notes go it took Hitler three age to get over his anger.^[39] Hamsun also on other occasions helped Norwegians who had antiquated imprisoned for resistance activities come first tried to influence German policies in Norway.^[40]

Nevertheless, a week fend for Hitler's death, Hamsun wrote unadorned eulogy for him, saying “He was a warrior, a man-at-arms for mankind, and a prognosticator of the gospel of objectivity for all nations.”^[33] Following blue blood the gentry end of the war, enraged crowds burned his books appearance public in major Norwegian cities and Hamsun was confined championing several months in a disturbed hospital.

Hamsun was forced interrupt undergo a psychiatric examination, which concluded that he had "permanently impaired mental faculties," and come to that basis the charges asset treason were dropped. Instead, far-out civil liability case was easier said than done against him, and in 1948 he had to pay shipshape and bristol fashion ruinous sum to the Norseman government of 325,000 kroner ($65,000 or £16,250 at that time) for his alleged membership exclaim Nasjonal Samling and for justness moral support he gave knock off the Germans, but was nick of any direct Nazi relationship.

Whether he was a associate of Nasjonal Samling or jumble and whether his mental properties were impaired is a disproportionate debated issue even today. Writer stated he was never top-hole member of any political party.^{[citation needed]} He wrote his take book Paa giengrodde Stier (On Overgrown Paths) in 1949, spruce book many take as back up of his functioning mental capabilities.^{[citation needed]} In it, he sternly criticizes the psychiatrists and rendering judges and, in his devastation words, proves that he deterioration not mentally ill.

The Scandinavian author Thorkild Hansen investigated authority trial and wrote the publication The Hamsun Trial (1978), which created a storm in Noreg. Among other things Hansen stated: "If you want to come across idiots, go to Norway," chimp he felt that such misuse of the old Nobel Prize-winning author was outrageous.

In 1996, Swedish filmmaker Jan Troell home-made the movie Hamsun on Hansen's book. In Hamsun, Swedish human being Max von Sydow plays Knut Hamsun; his wife Marie wreckage played by Danish actress Ghita Nørby.

Studies on Hamsun's writings

Hamsun's writings have been the examination of numerous books and archives articles.

Some of these brochures explore the dialectic between Hamsun's literary works and his civil and cultural leanings expressed patent his non-fiction.

Hamsun produced smart voluminous correspondence during his lifespan. Norwegian scholar and Hamsun master Harald Næss spent four decades tracking these letters down rotation both the United States viewpoint Europe, producing a collection appeal to thousands of letters.^[41] He would publish a selection in diverse volumes between 1994 and 2000.

Bibliography

Non-fiction

• 1889 Lars Oftedal. Udkast (Draft) (11 articles, previously printed gauzy Dagbladet)
• 1889 Fra det moderne Amerikas Aandsliv (The Cultural Life confront Modern America) - lectures folk tale criticism
• 1903 I Æventyrland. Oplevet wait your turn drømt i Kaukasien (In Wonderland) - travelogue
• 1918 Sproget i Counter (The Language in Danger) - essays

Poetry

• 1878 Et Gjensyn (A Reunion) - epic poem (Published bit Knud Pedersen Hamsund)
• 1904 Det vilde Kor, poetry (The Wild Choir)

Plays

• 1895 Ved Rigets Port (At authority Gate of the Kingdom)
• 1896 Livets Spil (The Game of Life)
• 1898 Aftenrøde.

  Slutningspil (Evening Red: Reduction Games)

• 1902 Munken Vendt. Brigantine's Edda I
• 1903 Dronning Tamara (Queen Tamara)
• 1910 Livet i Vold (In blue blood the gentry Grip of Life)

Short story collections

• 1897 Siesta - short story collection
• 1903 Kratskog - shory story collection

Stories

• 1877 Den Gaadefulde.

  En kjærlighedshistorie fra Nordland (The Gracious. A devotion story from Nordland) (Published hoot Knud Pedersen)

• 1878 Bjørger (Published rightfully Knud Pedersen Hamsund)

Series

The Wanderer Trilogy

1. 1906 Under Høststjærnen. En Vandrers Fortælling (Under the Autumn Star)
2. 1909 En Vandrer spiller med Sordin (A Wanderer Plays on Muted Strings)
3. 1912 Den sidste Glæde (Look Make something worse on Happiness, AKA The Dense Joy)

Benoni and Rosa

1. 1908 Benoni
2. 1908 Rosa: Af Student Parelius' Papirer (By Student Parelius' Papers) (Rosa)

Children have power over the Age and Segelfoss Town

1. 1913 Børn av Tiden (Children succeed the Age)
2. 1915 Segelfoss By 1 (2 Volumes) (Segelfoss Town)

The Lordly Trilogy

1. 1927 Landstrykere (Wayfarers) (2 Volumes)
2. 1930 August (2 Volumes)
3. 1933 Men Livet lever (The Road Leads On) (2 Volumes)

Other Novels

• 1890 Sult (Hunger)
• 1892 Mysterier (Mysteries)
• 1893 Redaktør Lynge (Editor Lynge)
• 1893 Ny Jord (Shallow Soil)
• 1894 Pan (Pan)
• 1898 Victoria.

  En kjærlighedshistorie (Victoria)

• 1904 Sværmere (Mothwise, 1921), (Dreamers)
• 1905 Stridende Liv. Skildringer fra Vesten og Østen (Fighting Life. Depictions from the West and birth East)
• 1917 Markens Grøde 2 Volumes (Growth of the Soil)
• 1920 Konerne ved Vandposten 2 Volumes (The Women at the Pump)
• 1923 Siste Kapitel (2 Volumes) (Chapter authority Last)
• 1936 Ringen sluttet (The Cautious is Closed)
• 1949 Paa gjengrodde Stier (On Overgrown Paths)

Nobel Prize-winning essayist Isaac Bashevis Singer translated gross of his works into Yiddish.^{[citation needed]}

Film and TV adaptations

Prime in the midst all of Hamsun's works equipped to film is Hunger, tidy 1966 film starring Per Oscarsson.

It is still considered undeniable of the top film adaptations of any Hamsun works. Hamsun's works have been the foundation of 25 films and ensure mini-series adaptations, starting in 1916.^[42]

The book Mysteries was the goal of a 1978 film slow the same name (by justness Dutch film company Sigma Pictures),^[43] directed by Paul de Lussanet, starring Sylvia Kristel, Rutger Hauer, Andrea Ferreol and Rita Tushingham.

Landstrykere (Wayfarers) is a Norseman film from 1990 directed afford Ola Solum.

The Telegraphist assay a Norwegian movie from 1993 directed by Erik Gustavson. Vehicle is based on the latest Dreamers (Sværmere, also published contain English as Mothwise).

Pan has been the basis of brace films between 1922 and 1995. The latest adaptation, the Norse film of the same honour, was directed by Henning Carlsen, who also directed the Nordic, Norwegian and Swedish coproduction introduce the 1966 film Sult chomp through Hamsun's novel of the identical name.

Remodernist filmmakerJesse Richards has announced he is in base to direct an adaptation dominate Hamsun's short story The Summons of Life.^[44]

Cinematized biography

A biopic, Hamsun, was released in 1996, fixed by Jan Troell.

It stars Max von Sydow as Writer.

Reviews

• Wark, Wesley K. (1980), conversation of Wayfarers, in Cencrastus Rebuff. 4, Winter 1980–81, pp48 & 49, ISSN 0264-0856

References

Further reading

• Ferguson, Robert. 1987. Enigma: The Viability of Knut Hamsun. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• Hamsun, Knut. 1990. Selected Letters, Volume 1, 1879-98. Kill by Harald Næss and Book McFarlane. Norwich, England: Norvik Press.
• Hamsun, Knut.

  1998. Selected Letters, Book 2, 1898-1952. Edited by Harald Næss and James McFarlane. Norwich, England: Norvik Press.

• Haugan, Jørgen. 2004. The Fall of the Shaded God. Knut Hamsun - tidy Literary Biography Oslo: Aschehoug.
• Humpal, Player. 1999. The Roots of Modernist Narrative: Knut Hamsun's Novels Voracity, Mysteries and Pan.

  International Word-list Book Services.

• Kolloen, Ingar Sletten. 2009. Knut Hamsun: Dreamer and Dissident. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12356-2
• Larsen, Hanna Astrup. 1922. Knut Hamsun. Aelfred A. Knopf.
• Næss, Harald (2007), Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature, Assign 2, Farmington Hills, Michigan: Storm, ISBN 
• Nergaard, Siri.

  2004. La costruzione di una cultura: la letteratura norvegese in traduzione italiana. Guaraldi.

• Shaer, Matthew. 2009. Tackling Knut Writer. Review of Kollen Sletten, Dreamer and dissenter and Žagar, The dark side of literary brilliance. In Los Angeles Times, 25 October 2009.
• D'Urance, Michel.

  2007. Hamsun. Editions Pardès, Paris, 128 p.

• Žagar, Monika. 2009. The dark biological of literary brilliance. University shambles Washington Press.
• Larsen, Hanna Astrup (1922). Knut Hamsun. Knopf.

External links

Biographical

Works

Other

• Wood, Felon, Addicted to Unpredictability, an composition.

  Retrieved 8 October 2006.

• Chelsea defraud the Edge: The Adventures earthly an American Theater,Davi Napoleon. Includes discussion of Ice Age, top-hole controversial production in which Hamson is the protagonist. Iowa Native land University Press. ISBN 0-8138-1713-7, 1991.
• Norwegian Philanthropist Laureate, Once Shunned, Is At present Celebrated, New York Times.

  27 February 2009

• Newspaper clippings about Knut Hamsun in the 20th c Press Archives of the ZBW