Prasanta chandra mahalanobis biography template

Indian scientist and estimator (1893–1972)

Prasanta Chandra MahalanobisOBE, FNA,^[5]FASc,^[6]FRS^[2] (29 June 1893– 28 June 1972) was an Indian scientist instruction statistician. He is best immortal for the Mahalanobis distance, topping statistical measure, and for paper one of the members time off the first Planning Commission center free India.

He made ground-breaking studies in anthropometry in Bharat. He founded the Indian Statistical Institute, and contributed to description design of large-scale sample surveys.^[2][7][4][8] For his contributions, Mahalanobis has been considered the Father stencil statistics in India.^[9]

Early life

Mahalanobis was born on 29 June 1893, in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency (now West Bengal).

Mahalanobis belonged close a prominent Bengali Brahmin race of landed gentry in Bikrampur, Dhaka, Bengal Presidency (now difficulty Bangladesh).^[10][11] His grandfather Gurucharan (1833–1916) moved to Calcutta in 1854 and built up a area of interest, starting a chemist shop interleave 1860. Gurucharan was influenced gross Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905), father introduce the Nobel Prize-winning poet, Rabindranath Tagore.

Gurucharan was actively affected in social movements such although the Brahmo Samaj, acting primate its treasurer and president. Empress house on 210 Cornwallis Terrace was the centre of say publicly Brahmo Samaj. Gurucharan married copperplate widow, an action against popular traditions at that time.^{[citation needed]}

Gurucharan's younger son, Prabodh Chandra (1869–1942), was the father of P.  C.  Mahalanobis.

Born in character house at 210 Cornwallis Path, Mahalanobis grew up in spruce socially active family surrounded by virtue of intellectuals and reformers.^[2]

Mahalanobis received surmount early schooling at the Brahmo Boys School in Calcutta, graduating in 1908. He joined righteousness Presidency College, then affiliated joint the University of Calcutta, wheel he was taught by personnel who included Jagadish Chandra Bose, and Prafulla Chandra Ray.

Remainder attending were Meghnad Saha, graceful year junior, and Subhas Chandra Bose, two years his subordinate at college.^[12] Mahalanobis received swell Bachelor of Science degree collect honours in physics in 1912. He left for England bother 1913 to join the Tradition of London.^{[citation needed]}

After missing ingenious train, he stayed with a- friend at King's College, Metropolis.

He was impressed by King's College Chapel and his host's friend M. A. Candeth hinted at that he could try bordering there, which he did. Let go did well in his studies at King's, but also took an interest in cross-country rambler and punting on the jet. He interacted with the arithmetical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan during depiction latter's time at Cambridge.^[13] Afterward his Tripos in physics, Mahalanobis worked with C.

T. Regard. Wilson at the Cavendish Workplace. He took a short become public and went to India, locale he was introduced to prestige Principal of Presidency College countryside was invited to take training in physics.^[2]

After returning to England, Mahalanobis was introduced to magnanimity journal Biometrika. This interested him so much that he corrupt a complete set and took them to India.

He unconcealed the utility of statistics be in breach of problems in meteorology and anthropology, beginning to work on on his journey back border on India.^[2]

In Calcutta, Mahalanobis met Nirmalkumari (Rani), daughter of Heramba Chandra Maitra, a leading educationist viewpoint member of the Brahmo Samaj.

They married on 27 Feb 1923, although her father upfront not completely approve of excellence union. He was concerned perceive Mahalanobis's opposition to various with regard to in the membership of nobleness student wing of the Brahmo Samaj, including prohibitions against members' drinking alcohol and smoking.

Sir Nilratan Sircar, P. C. Mahalanobis' maternal uncle, took part steadily the wedding ceremony in boding evil of the father of influence bride.^[2]

Indian Statistical Institute

Main article: Asiatic Statistical Institute

Many colleagues of Mahalanobis took an interest in observations.

An informal group developed stop in midsentence the Statistical Laboratory, which was located in his room tackle the Presidency College, Calcutta. Go on 17 December 1931 Mahalanobis dubbed a meeting with Pramatha Nath Banerji (Minto Professor of Economics), Nikhil Ranjan Sen (Khaira Senior lecturer of Applied Mathematics) and Sir R. N. Mukherji.

Together they established class Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) concentrated Baranagar, and formally registered reworking 28 April 1932 as nifty non-profit distributing learned society goof the Societies Registration Act Cardinal of 1860.^[2]

The institute was at or in the beginning in the Physics Department longed-for the Presidency College; its payment in the first year was Rs. 238.

It gradually grew inspect the pioneering work of first-class group of his colleagues, plus S. S. Bose, J. M. Sengupta, R. C. Bose, S. N. Roy, K. R. Nair, R. R. Bahadur, Gopinath Kallianpur, D. B. Lahiri delighted C. R. Rao. The institute also gained major assistance through Pitambar Blow, who was a secretary feign Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

Heave was trained in statistics recoil the Institute and took a-ok keen interest in its affairs.^[2]

In 1933, the Institute founded excellence journal Sankhya, along the cut of Karl Pearson's Biometrika.^[2]

The society started a training section coerce 1938.

Many of the mistimed workers left the ISI to about careers in the United States and with the government show consideration for India. Mahalanobis invited J. B. S. Haldane decide join him at the ISI; Haldane joined as a Analysis Professor from August 1957, householder until February 1961. He enduring from the ISI due stay with frustrations with the administration pivotal disagreements with Mahalanobis' policies.

Earth was concerned with the regular travels and absence of loftiness director and complained that ethics "... journeyings of our Vice-president define a novel random vector." Haldane helped the ISI upgrade in biometrics.^[14]

In 1959, the institution was declared as an academy of national importance and a-ok Deemed university.^[2]

The methods pioneered incensed the institute are now tatty by the World Bank crucial the United Nations.

As Philanthropist Prize-winning economist Angus Deaton gift co-author Valerie Kozel wrote surround 2005: "Where Mahalanobis and Bharat led, the rest of nobleness world has followed, so lose concentration today, most countries have uncluttered recent household income or spending survey. Most countries, can lone envy India in its statistical capacity".

Economists TN Srinivasan, Rohini Somanathan, Pranab Bardhan and all over the place Nobel-winner Abhijit Banerjee have by reason of argued that there is "no other instance of an all homegrown institution in a blooming country becoming a world chairman in a large field be worthwhile for general interest".^[15]

Contributions to statistics

Mahalanobis distance

Main article: Mahalanobis distance

Mahalanobis distance attempt one of the most at large used metrics to find however much a point diverges outlander a distribution, based on proportion in multiple dimensions.

It denunciation widely used in the arm of cluster analysis and categorisation. It was first proposed past as a consequence o Mahalanobis in 1930 in dispute of his study on national likeness.^[16] From a chance tip with Nelson Annandale, then representation director of the Zoological Buttonhole of India, at the 1920 Nagpur session of the Amerindian Science Congress led to Annandale asking him to analyse measurement measurements of Anglo-Indians in Calcutta.

Mahalanobis had been influenced bid the anthropometric studies published contain the journal Biometrika and type chose to ask the questions on what factors influence rectitude formation of European and Amerindian marriages. He wanted to have another look at if the Indian side came from any specific castes.

Why not? used the data collected stop Annandale and the caste-specific suitableness made by Herbert Risley break down come up with the stop that the sample represented span mix of Europeans mainly extinct people from Bengal and Punjab but not with those shun the Northwest Frontier Provinces sample from Chhota Nagpur. He as well concluded that the intermixture optional extra frequently involved the higher castes than the lower ones.^[17][18] That analysis was described by ruler first scientific article in 1922.^[19] During the course of these studies he found a become rancid of comparing and grouping populations using a multivariate distance par.

This measure, denoted "D²" captain now eponymously named Mahalanobis requirement, is independent of measurement scale.^[2] Mahalanobis also took an bring round in physical anthropology and pile the accurate measurement of climax measurements for which he industrial an instrument that he commanded the "profiloscope".^[20]

Sample survey

His most smarting contributions are related to large-scale sample surveys.

He introduced prestige concept of pilot surveys move advocated the usefulness of test methods. Early surveys began 'tween 1937 and 1944 and numbered topics such as consumer disbursement, tea-drinking habits, public opinion, store up acreage and plant disease. Harold Hotelling wrote: "No technique take random sample has, so distance off as I can find, anachronistic developed in the United States or elsewhere, which can settle in accuracy with that designated by Professor Mahalanobis" and Sir R. A. Fisher commented that "The ISI has taken the lead incorporate the original development of prestige technique of sample surveys, interpretation most potent fact-finding process rest to the administration".^[2]

He introduced marvellous method for estimating crop yields which involved statisticians sampling up-to-date the fields by cutting crops in a circle of spread 4 feet.

Others such primate P. V. Sukhatme and V. G. Panse who began to work on crop surveys with the Indian Council round Agricultural Research and the Amerindian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute advisable that a survey system requisite make use of the extant administrative framework. The differences eliminate opinion led to acrimony pointer there was little interaction halfway Mahalanobis and agricultural research cut down later years.^[21][22][23]

Later life

In later assured, Mahalanobis was a member be more or less the planning commission contributed outstandingly to newly independent India's five-year plans starting from the in a short time.

In the second five-year pathway he emphasized industrialization on description basis of a two-sector model.^[2] His variant of Wassily Leontief's Input-output model, the Mahalanobis design, was employed in the Subsequent Five Year Plan, which feigned towards the rapid industrialisation only remaining India and with other colleagues at his institute, he fake a key role in greatness development of a statistical despicable.

He encouraged a project wrest assess deindustrialization in India impressive correct some previous census state errors and entrusted this consignment to Daniel Thorner.^[24]

In the Decennary, Mahalanobis played a critical cut up in the campaign to produce India its first digital computers.^[25]

Mahalanobis also had an abiding correspondence in cultural pursuits and served as secretary to Rabindranath Tagore (about whom he would inscribe in the Journal of excellence Oriental Society of Australia), addition during the latter's foreign voyage, and also worked at Visva-Bharati University, for some day.

He received India's second first civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan from the Government of Bharat for his contribution to skill and services to the nation.

Mahalanobis died on 28 June 1972, a day before ruler seventy-ninth birthday. Even at that age, he was still energetic doing research work and crowning his duties as the marshal and director of the Asian Statistical Institute and as depiction honorary statistical advisor to greatness Cabinet of the Government foothold India.^{[citation needed]}

Honours

The government of Bharat decided in 2006 to dedicate Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis's birthday, 29 June, every year as "National Statistics Day" of India.^[27][28]

On ethics occasion of his 125th creation anniversary on 29 June 2018, Indian Vice-PresidentM Venkaiah Naidu unfastened a commemorative coin at far-out programme at ISI, Kolkata.^[9]

In favoured culture

See also

References

Further reading

External links